The Missional Colonization of Phoebe and Walter Palmer: Poetry, Letters, and the Young Men’s Missionary Society

Recent studies of Phoebe and Walter Palmer have focused on their efforts to spread “holiness” while criticizing their apparent disdain of abolitionism. The Palmers, however, believed that colonization was the better approach to both assist free African-Americans and recently emancipated slaves and also to help evangelize the continent of Africa. This article will show their support for both colonization and evangelization through Phoebe’s poems, correspondence from Methodist missionaries to Liberia (some of whom were from Manhattan), and Dr. Palmer’s active role in the Young Men’s Missionary Society

Physician\u27s Negligence Giving Rise to the Birth of a Healthy But Unplanned Child: A Summary of Damages Recoverable by the Parents

The decision to undergo a sterilization operation or an abortion is the result of considering many complex emotional and financial factors. The operation may be sought to avoid potential health risks associated with childbirth, or it may be sought to avoid the financial stress a new child will place on the family unit. Regardless of the rationale underlying the decision, the individual will require medical assistance. In some situations, however, this medical assistance is negligently performed, and the result may be the birth of a healthy but unplanned child

A Methodist Response to Infant Mortality in the 19th Century: Public Health, Foundling Hospitals, and Abortion Curbs

During the 1850s, infant mortality greatly increased in New York City and other large cities. One of the leading physicians to address this problem in New York City was Dr. David Meredith Reese, an active Methodist layman, who was also involved in many other issues of the day: phrenology, colonization, and Bible reading in the schools. In 1857, his Report on Infant Mortality in Large Cities was published in which he both examined its extent and sources and also suggested ways to reduce it. Strikingly, two of his recommendations for its reduction coincided with efforts already underway. For example, his call to restrict abortion, especially among upper-class married women, coincided with the campaign of the American Medical Association (hereafter, AMA) to lobby state legislatures for stricter laws against it. Again, his suggestion that New York City establish at least one foundling hospital for unwanted infants occurred at the same time that two municipal committees were also considering this possibility. Although Reese died in 1860 before any of his recommendations had been fully implemented, he still played a major role, along with other Manhattan physicians, in focusing the public’s attention on this problem

Unprocessing Seven Years of Algorithmic Fairness

Seven years ago, researchers proposed a postprocessing method to equalize the error rates of a model across different demographic groups. The work launched hundreds of papers purporting to improve over the postprocessing baseline. We empirically evaluate these claims through thousands of model evaluations on several tabular datasets. We find that the fairness-accuracy Pareto frontier achieved by postprocessing contains all other methods we were feasibly able to evaluate. In doing so, we address two common methodological errors that have confounded previous observations. One relates to the comparison of methods with different unconstrained base models. The other concerns methods achieving different levels of constraint relaxation. At the heart of our study is a simple idea we call unprocessing that roughly corresponds to the inverse of postprocessing. Unprocessing allows for a direct comparison of methods using different underlying models and levels of relaxation

Orientability and energy minimization in liquid crystal models

Uniaxial nematic liquid crystals are modelled in the Oseen-Frank theory through a unit vector field $n$. This theory has the apparent drawback that it does not respect the head-to-tail symmetry in which $n$ should be equivalent to -$n$. This symmetry is preserved in the constrained Landau-de Gennes theory that works with the tensor $Q=s\big(n\otimes n- \frac{1}{3} Id\big)$.We study the differences and the overlaps between the two theories. These depend on the regularity class used as well as on the topology of the underlying domain. We show that for simply-connected domains and in the natural energy class $W^{1,2}$ the two theories coincide, but otherwise there can be differences between the two theories, which we identify. In the case of planar domains we completely characterise the instances in which the predictions of the constrained Landau-de Gennes theory differ from those of the Oseen-Frank theory

Global Solution to the Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flow of Liquid Crystals

The equations for the three-dimensional incompressible flow of liquid crystals are considered in a smooth bounded domain. The existence and uniqueness of the global strong solution with small initial data are established. It is also proved that when the strong solution exists, all the global weak solutions constructed in [16] must be equal to the unique strong solution

Landau-De Gennes theory of nematic liquid\ud crystals: the Oseen-Frank limit and beyond

We study global minimizers of a continuum Landau-De Gennes energy functional for nematic liquid crystals, in three-dimensional domains, subject to uniaxial boundary conditions. We analyze the physically relevant limit of small elastic constant and show that global minimizers converge strongly, in W 1,2 , to a global minimizer predicted by the Oseen-Frank theory for uniaxial nematic liquid crystals with constant order parameter. Moreover, the convergence is uniform in the interior of the domain, away from the singularities of the limiting Oseen-Frank global minimizer. We obtain results on the rate of convergence of the eigenvalues and the regularity of the eigenvectors of the Landau-De Gennes global minimizer.\ud \ud \ud We also study the interplay between biaxiality and uniaxiality in Landau-De Gennes global energy minimizers and obtain estimates for various related quantities such as the biaxiality parameter and the size of admissible strongly biaxial regions