Does mood induction elicit emotion recognition biases? : an empirical study with implications for depression research

Depression is a highly prevalent, debilitating, and sometimes-fatal mental illness. Typically, its treatment approaches are conceptualised as a dichotomy between psychological and pharmaceutical. However, a new model, in line with cogent philosophical reasoning and recent empirical evidence, integrates these approaches. The cognitive neuropsychological model places affective processing biases as central to depression aetiology and treatment-in both biological psychiatry and cognitive psychology. One affective bias, emotion recognition, is central to the tenets of this model, which, unlike some cognitive theories, places improved affective biases as temporally prior to improved mood, and as the underlying mechanism of antidepressant action. To test this account of emotion recognition bias, 103 undergraduate students participants underwent negative, positive, and neutral mood induction in a betweengroups design to assess whether mood-congruent emotion recognition biases would emerge in a multimodal (facial, vocal, musical) emotion recognition battery, while controlling for depression symptoms and assessing maladaptive cognitive schemas. Few significant emotion recognition biases resulted, but significant negative correlations between negative schemas and overall facial and musical accuracy emerged, even when controlling for depression lending some support to the cognitive neuropsychological model's premise of a bilateral relationship between schemas and emotion recognition, both of which may play a substantial role in the etiology of depression

Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to detect significant prostate cancer and index lesion location

Background: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate appears to improve prostate cancer detection, but studies comparing mpMRI to histopathology at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) are lacking. This retrospective study determined the accuracy of mpMRI predicting Gleason score and index lesion location at the time of RP, the current gold standard for diagnosis. Methods: Between April 2013 and April 2016, a database of all men aged more than 40 years who underwent RP after positive transrectal ultrasound biopsy by an experienced urological surgeon was collated at a single regional centre. This was cross‐referenced with a database of all men who had mpMRIs performed at a single centre and reported according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS version 1) during this period to generate a sample size of 64 men. A Spearman\u27s rho test was utilized to calculate correlation. Results: Median age of patients was 64 years, the median prostate‐specific antigen at RP was 6.22 ng/mL. mpMRI was positive (≥PI‐RADS 3) in 85.9% of patients who underwent RP. More than 92% of participants had Gleason ≥7 disease. A positive relationship between mpMRI prostate PI‐RADS score and RP cancer volume was demonstrated. An anatomical location correlation calculated in octants was found to be 89.1% accurate. Conclusion: mpMRI accurately detects prostate cancer location and severity when compared with gold standard histopathology at the time of RP. It thus has an important role in planning for future prostate biopsy and cancer treatment

Experimental Studies on Slurry Based Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings were introduced to reduce operating temperatures and thermal stresses in structures and machine components across a wide range of industries and applications. The focus of the present study is to develop a new, relatively simple and low cost technique of manufacturing thermal barrier coatings based upon the slurry spray method. The challenge of this work is to make this technique comparable, in terms of the quality of the coating, to existing manufacturing methods, which are often expensive and inapplicable to coat large or curved surfaces. This paper describes the developed technique and selected results of thermo-mechanical testing of fabricated coatings including functionally graded coatings

A profile of local education association presidents of Iowa

This paper will investigate two aspects of local teacher association presidents of Iowa. First, it will develop a statistical analysis of such factors as age, sex, marital status, education, and teaching experience. The purpose of this part of the research will be to look for patterns of characteristics that are repeated in the sample. The second part of the research will deal with the attitudes of the sample group toward their school administration and their reasons for seeking the office of association president. 1 A general statement of the intent of this paper would be: to develop a profile of characteristics. and attitudes of teacher association presidents of Iowa

The characteristics of the Waiwhetu artesian aquifer beneath Wellington Harbour including the spatial distribution and causes of submarine spring discharge

This thesis is a study of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer, and in particular the nature and characteristics of artesian leakage from submarine springs. This aquifer is a sheet of gravel and other coarse sediments which continues from the Lower Hutt Valley and extends beneath Wellington Harbour where it varies in thickness from approximately 70m against the Wellington Fault scarp to just over 20m thick against the eastern harbour margin. The water it contains is a valuable resource supplying approximately one third of Wellington's municipal water consumption. At present, there are plans to utilise this artesian water source to a greater extent in the future, to support a greater burden of the region's water requirements. However concerns over possible salt-water intrusion and contamination of the aquifer led to an interest in developing a better understanding of the characteristics of this artesian system, particularly beneath the harbour floor. Harbour floor depressions were selected as likely sources of artesian water leakage based on the presumption that they had been formed by the action of leaking artesian water from beneath. Eleven depression 'zones' were investigated by recording the salinity of the water within the depressions using a portable conductivity/temperature meter. SCUBA diver's observations and bathymetric mapping revealed that depressions ranged in width from 53m to 369m (at the harbour floor) and 12m to 69m (at the depression base), with depths ranging from 13.3m to 31.3m below sea level. Only a few depressions were found to be actively discharging significant amounts of artesian water. SCUBA diver investigations found this leakage to be typically concentrated at a number of small and discrete spring 'vents' located on the base of the active depression. Typical salinities recorded ranged from 28 - 33 ppt within a few centimetres of the discharge vents. Deployment of an S4 current meter in two depressions showed that spring vent discharges vary with the pattern of abstraction from the pumping stations in the Lower Hutt Valley and as a consequence of the tidal cycle. High tides generate a greater load on the underlying aquifer, which in turn compresses the aquifer structure to a greater extent than at low tides, thus 'squeezing' out more water. Almost all of the recorded leakage was found to occur from a cluster of submarine springs within one of the depression zones, roughly 1100 metres from the Hutt River mouth. One other notable area of leakage was found close to Seaview Wharf. No significant leakage was observed or recorded from the two deep depressions south of Somes Island, which had previously been considered to be the major outlet of artesian leakage in the harbour. Lower than normal salinity values were also recorded in the harbour entrance. In this region the aquiclude is hypothesised to peter out, allowing artesian water to escape from the aquifer through a large area of the seabed in the form of widespread leakage as opposed to the concentrated, or discrete, form associated with spring vent discharge. Seismic profiles were used to map the extent of the sub-harbour Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer and its upper confining aquiclude, the Petone Marine Beds. This work showed that the aquifer gravels extend across the entire harbour area. However, the water-bearing capacity of these deposits was found to be inconsistent. Preferential pathways, present as paleochannels (relic river channels), can be mapped within the aquifer. They concentrate the flow of groundwater through the aquifer and as such supply the submarine spring regions with much higher rates of water flow than the inter-paleochannel areas. The harbour floor depressions are thought to have formed as a consequence of the deformation of aquifer and aquiclude deposits during intense shaking associated with earthquakes leading to the removal of portions of the confining aquiclude. This typically occurs from a combination of raised piezometric pressures as a result of consolidation of the aquifer material during shaking, and from failure of the aquiclude by liquefaction. This rupture of the aquiclude results in the release of large volumes of artesian water through the aquiclude and to the sea. As this flow of water moves upward through the aquiclude, it erodes and transports away the fine sediment that forms this member. The features left behind are the characteristic harbour floor depressions we associate with submarine spring discharge. The abstraction of water from the Waiwhetu Artesian Aquifer (for the Wellington municipal water supply) lowers the piezometric pressure within the aquifer close to the abstraction zone. As such, the relocation of the abstraction focus (during 1980) to three kilometres inland from Petone Foreshore has greatly improved the 'health' of the subharbour aquifer and has similarly reduced the threat of salt-water intrusion. Data gathered during this study implies that while the two deep depressions south of Somes Island are unlikely to be a threat with regard to salt-water intrusion, the cluster of depressions off the Hutt River mouth could be a site of salt-water entry if piezometric pressures in the aquifer beneath them dropped low enough. Spring discharge velocities collected over one spring vent indicate that the presently set minimum piezometric Petone Foreshore level (below which abstraction must cease) needs to be revised

Exposure of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration: From laboratory experiments to outdoor simulated pile-driving

Activities directly interacting with the seabed, such as pile-driving, can produce vibrations that have the potential to impact benthic invertebrates within their vicinity. This stimuli may interfere with crucial behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance, and the sensitivity to vibration is largely unknown. Here, the responsiveness of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration is discussed in relation to laboratory and semi-field trials with two marine species: the mussel (Mytilus edulis) and hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus). Sensory threshold curves were produced for both species in controlled laboratory conditions, followed by small-scale pile-driving exposures in the field. The merits of behavioral indicators are discussed, in addition to using physiological measures, as a method of determining reception and measuring responses. The measurement and sensors required for sediment vibration quantification are also discussed. Response and threshold data were related to measurements taken in the vicinity of anthropogenic sources, allowing a link between responsiveness and actual operations. The impact of pile-driving on sediment-dwelling invertebrates has received relatively little research, yet the data here suggest that such activities are likely to impact key coastal species which play important roles within the marine environment