“Maternity Tourism”, Civic Integration and Jus Soli Citizenship in Canada

This paper mobilizes three dimensions of the civic integration paradigm to understand the “maternity tourism” debate — a debate about jus soli birthright citizenship — in the settler-colonial context of Canada. Focusing on liberal democratic values/nationalism/race; morality; and the welfare state, the analysis demonstrates how these dimensions of civic integration draw boundaries between citizens and outsiders. It then examines two contexts in which revelations regarding maternity tourism provoked the Conservative party to consider abolishing citizenship based on birth in the territory. The terms of these debates expose assumptions about appropriate citizenship, providing lessons in belonging for those who seek membership in the Canadian political community and those who already claim it.Cet article utilise trois dimensions du paradigme de l’intégration civique pour comprendre le débat sur le « tourisme de maternité » dans le contexte du colonialisme de peuplement du Canada — un débat concernant le droit à la citoyenneté canadienne du fait de la naissance au Canada (citoyenneté par droit du sol). En se concentrant sur les valeurs démocratiques libérales/le nationalisme/la race, la moralité et l’État providence, l’analyse montre comment ces dimensions de l’intégration civique tracent des frontières entre les citoyens et les étrangers. L’article examine ensuite deux contextes dans lesquels certains débats publics concernant le tourisme de maternité ont poussé le parti conservateur à envisager l’abolition de la citoyenneté par droit du sol. Les termes de ces débats révèlent des préjugés sur ce qu’est une citoyenneté « convenable », en donnant des leçons sur l’appartenance à ceux qui cherchent à adhérer à la communauté politique canadienne et à ceux qui la revendiquent déjà.En este artículo se utilizan tres dimensiones del paradigma de la integración cívica para comprender el debate sobre el «turismo de maternidad» — un debate sobre la ciudadanía por derecho de nacimiento del jus soli — en el contexto del Canadá. Centrándose en los valores democráticos liberales/el nacionalismo/la raza, la moralidad y el estado de bienestar, el análisis demuestra cómo estas dimensiones de la integración cívica establecen límites entre los ciudadanos y los extranjeros. A continuación, el artículo examina dos contextos en los que ciertos debates públicos sobre el turismo de maternidad han llevado al Partido Conservador a considerar la posibilidad de abolir la ciudadanía por derecho de tierras. Los términos de estos debates revelan prejuicios sobre lo que constituye una ciudadanía «adecuada», enseñando lecciones sobre la pertenencia a aquellos que buscan unirse a la comunidad política canadiense y a aquellos que ya la reclaman

SIBLINGS OF CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS: PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF THE DISEASE, COPING BEHAVIORS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT

The objectives of this descriptive study were to learn how siblings of chronically ill children believed the disease affected them; to learn about these siblings\u27 use of coping behaviors; and to learn what factors predicted their psychological adjustment. Hill\u27s (1949) crisis framework was used as the theoretical model. Subjects were 19 siblings of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), ages 7 to 16. Structured interviews with the subjects focused on perceived impact of the CF and on the use and helpfulness of coping behaviors. Schwachman scores measured the health of the diseased siblings, and the Louisville Behavior Checklist (LBCL) measured the subjects\u27 psychological adjustment. Frequencies of interview responses and review of interview transcripts suggested that the impact of CF varied widely and that a variety of coping behaviors was helpful. Pearson correlations indicated significant positive relationships between perceptions of positive impact on the family and responses that Direct Action coping behaviors (activities) helped a lot, between perceived problematic (potentially negative) impact on the family and the use of Direct Action behaviors, and between resolved problematic impact and responses that Direct Action behaviors helped a little. A significant negative correlation was found between perceived neutral impact on the family and use of Direct Action behaviors. Those whose siblings were in poorer health tended to deny feelings of fear, guilt, embarrassment, and anxiety. Regression analysis which tested prediction of psychological adjustment by perceptions of impact, helpfulness of coping behaviors, and health of the diseased siblings showed only helpfulness of Defensive Reappraisal behaviors (thought processes) to be a significant predictor of psychological adjustment. This analysis did not support Hill\u27s (1949) crisis model. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance found that males were more likely than females to find the disease\u27s impact on the family negative, and that subjects from higher income families tended to report that they experienced fear, guilt, and anxiety a little. Results demonstrate the importance of assessing each family situation individually