Canadian Review of Social Policy (CRSP) / Revue canadienne de politique sociale (RCSP)
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    Editorial, Volume 82

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    Policy Instruments and Infant Feeding for Mothers on Social Assistance: A Comparative Study of Canadian Provinces

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    Using a modified framework of the social constructions of target populations (SCTP) and Vedung’s typology of policy instruments, this contribution presents a comparative analysis of policy instruments targeting mothers on social assistance to impose “successful” breastfeeding norms in the Canadian provinces. This framework distinguishes between the traditional policy tools of welfare offices and the inclusion of additional oversight by health professionals. The findings expose a variety of policy mixes despite similar commitments to encourage breastfeeding and dissuade the use of infant formula. Most provinces utilize burdened policy instruments for mothers who choose infant formula, such as requiring a medical note. For mothers who breastfeed, most provinces typically deploy beneficial policy instruments such as raising their monthly allowance with little [government] oversight. However, some provinces utilize very different tools which illustrate the diverse health care and social assistance landscape. Québec, for instance, is the only province to provide additional support for women who choose to use formula without medical authorization. In Prince Edward Island, social workers may require a medical note for breastfeeding while in Manitoba there is no additional support for the nutritional needs of breastfeeding mothers.En utilisant un cadre modifié des social construction of target population — SCTP — (constructions sociales des groupes cibles) et la typologie des instruments de politique de Vedung, cet article présente une analyse comparative des instruments de politique ciblant les mères bénéficiant d’aide sociale pour imposer des normes d’allaitement « efficaces » dans les provinces canadiennes. Ce cadre permet une distinction entre les mécanismes d’interventions traditionnels des bureaux d’aide sociale et l’ajout d’une supervision supplémentaire par les professionnels de la santé. Les résultats révèlent de différentes combinaisons de mesures, malgré un but commun, pour encourager l’allaitement et dissuader l’utilisation de préparations pour nourrissons. La plupart des provinces utilisent des instruments de politique contraignants pour les mères qui choisissent des préparations pour nourrissons, comme l’exigence d’un certificat médical. Pour les mères qui allaitent, la plupart des provinces déploient généralement des instruments de politique bénéfiques tels que l’augmentation de leur allocation mensuelle avec peu de contrôle [du gouvernement]. Cependant, certaines provinces utilisent des outils très différents qui illustrent la diversité dans le contexte des soins de santé et de l’aide sociale. Le Québec, par exemple, est la seule province à fournir un soutien supplémentaire aux femmes qui choisissent d’utiliser la préparation pour nourrissons sans autorisation médicale. À l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard, les travailleurs sociaux peuvent exiger une note médicale pour l’allaitement maternel, tandis qu’au Manitoba, il n’y a pas de soutien supplémentaire pour les besoins nutritionnels des mères qui allaitent

    Reimagining Policy Spaces: Toward Accessible and Inclusive Public Engagement

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    This study interrogates the potentialities of policy spaces with the aim of bringing marginalized groups more concertedly into the centre of public policy engagement. By taking a feminist intersectional approach to examining the limits of classical public policy and conventional modes of public engagement, we propose  a more fluid and generative understanding of policy space that encompasses both physical and social aspects and their interrelations. We then apply this understanding to our experimentation with two public engagement exercises held  in Nova Scotia,  a workshop and panel for disabled and Deaf women, and a podcast for rural women, that were part of a larger project aimed at acquiring in-depth, nuanced policy feedback from several, historically marginalized groups. Through our experience with these exercises—their successes and failures—we propose an approach to theorizing policy spaces informed by the contributions and interests of the groups in question, and with an awareness of intersectional power dynamics, positionality and place.Cette étude explore le potentiel des espaces politiques dans le but d’amener les groupes marginalisés de manière plus concertée au centre de la participation aux politiques publiques. En adoptant une approche intersectionnelle féministe pour examiner les limites des politiques publiques classiques et des modes conventionnels de mobilisation du public, nous proposons une définition plus fluide et fonctionnelle de l’espace politique qui englobe à la fois les aspects physiques et sociaux ainsi que leurs interrelations. Nous appliquons ensuite cette définition à notre recherche avec deux exercices de mobilisation du public tenus en Nouvelle-Écosse, soit un atelier et un groupe pour les femmes handicapées et sourdes, ainsi qu’un balado pour les femmes en milieu rural. Ces deux exercices faisaient partie d’un projet plus vaste visant à obtenir des commentaires politiques approfondis et nuancés de la part de plusieurs groupes historiquement marginalisés. Grâce à nos observations de ces exercices (y compris d’important succès et échecs), nous proposons une approche théorique des espaces politiques éclairée par les contributions et les intérêts des groupes en question, tout en considérant les dynamiques de pouvoir intersectionnelles, la positionnalité et le lieu

    How Laws Regulate Migrant Sex Workers in Canada: To Protect or to Harm?

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    Migrant sex workers in Canada are regulated and affected by a web of laws and policies at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. This article lays out how these laws and policies, which claim to protect migrant workers, govern and harm their lives. Focusing on the experiences of migrants of Asian descent, this article explores how ill-conceived anti-trafficking laws and enforcement, including sex work-related criminal law, immigration laws that target and prohibit sex work, provincial human trafficking laws, and municipal laws regulating body rub services, conflate sex work with trafficking and further endanger migrant sex workers.Les travailleurs migrants de l’industrie du sexe au Canada sont réglementés et touchés par un agencement de lois et de politiques aux niveaux fédéral, provincial et municipal. Cet article explique comment ces lois et politiques, qui prétendent protéger les travailleurs migrants, régissent et nuisent à leur vie. En se concentrant sur les expériences des migrants d’origine asiatique, cet article explore comment les lois contre la traite des personnes et leur application mal conçues, confondent le travail du sexe avec la traite des personnes et mettent davantage en danger les travailleurs du sexe migrants. En se penchant sur le droit pénal lié au travail du sexe, les lois sur l’immigration qui ciblent et interdisent le travail du sexe, les lois provinciales sur la traite des personnes et les lois municipales réglementant les services de massage corporel

    What Is Behind the Fluctuations in Seniors’ Poverty Rates in Canada from 1976-2019?

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    In this article we consider the factors driving variations in poverty rates among Canadian seniors from 1976-2019. Using the international poverty line which is defined as living with less than 50 percent of national median income—measured in Canada through the Low-income measure after tax (LIM-AT)—senior poverty rates declined from 1980 to the mid-1990s but have since increased. Yet according to the Canadian government’s official poverty indicator, the Market Basket Measure (MBM), senior poverty rates remain very low. We investigate these differences in poverty rates over time and consider the implications for seniors’ health and well-being. We find that increasing LIM-AT poverty rates are being driven by growing income inequalities among seniors resulting from differential access to Canada’s pension plan, employer-sponsored and private pension plans as well as growing income inequalities between seniors and the working-age population. The MBM is not sensitive to these growing inequalities. We consider these findings within a political economy lens that places Canada’s undeveloped public pension system within the liberal welfare state’s preference for the private rather than public provision of economic resources. We conclude with recommendations for research and action to ensure Canada’s growing senior population is provided with the conditions and means necessary for health and well-being.  Dans cet article, nous examinons les facteurs à l’origine des variations des taux de pauvreté chez les aînés canadiens de 1976 à 2019. En utilisant le seuil de pauvreté international (défini comme vivant avec moins de 50 pour cent du revenu médian national) mesuré au Canada par la mesure de faible revenu après impôt (MFR-ApI), nous notons que les taux de pauvreté des personnes âgées ont diminué de 1980 jusqu’au milieu des années 1990, mais ont augmenté depuis. Pourtant, selon l’indicateur officiel de la pauvreté du gouvernement canadien, soit la mesure fondée sur un panier de consommation (MPC), les taux de pauvreté des personnes âgées demeurent très faibles. Nous étudions ces différences dans les taux de pauvreté au fil du temps et examinons les implications pour la santé et le bien-être des personnes âgées. Nous constatons que l’augmentation des taux de pauvreté de la MFR-ApI est dictée par les inégalités de revenu croissantes parmi les personnes âgées résultant de l’accès différentiel au Régime de pensions du Canada, aux régimes de pensions d’employeur et aux régimes de pensions privés ainsi que par les inégalités de revenu croissantes entre les personnes âgées et la population en âge de travailler. La MPC n’est pas sensible à ces inégalités croissantes. Nous examinons ces résultats quant au système de retraite public sous-développé du Canada dans une optique d’économie politique où l’État-providence libéral favorise l’approvisionnement des ressources économiques privées plutôt que les ressources économiques publiques. Nous procurons aussi des recommandations de recherche et d’action pour nous assurer que la population âgée croissante du Canada bénéficie des conditions et des moyens nécessaires à la santé et au bien-être

    The 1866 Cholera Scare: Implications for Canadian State-Making and Current Pandemic Management

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    The cholera scare of 1866 had significant implications for Canadian state-making, public health, and notions of social welfare. Shared action by policymakers, police, and public health authorities led to an unprecedented prevention campaign that included moralistic and punitive elements. This paper will outline the ways that the 1866 cholera scare served to develop the foundations of power consolidation, social control, and surveillance practices used in Canada today.

    A Curious Case of Negative Policy Diffusion? The Legacy of Quebec’s ‘$5-a-day’ Childcare

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    Since its inception in the fall of 1997, Quebec's "5aday"childcareprogramhasemergedasCanadasmostvisibleandwidelydebatedstandaloneprovincialsocialprogram.However,whilecommendablystimulatinganationalconversationaboutuniversalchildcare,theprogrampresentsamoreproblematiclegacyforchildcareadvocatesinotherprovincesandatthefederallevel.Firstly,documentedshortcomingsoftheQuebecmodelhaveprovidedfodderforideologicallytingedattacksthatusetheexampleofQuebecasanindictmentofthegeneralconceptofuniversalchildcare.Secondly,thebrandingoftheprogramhasmotivatedcampaignerstoemphasizeattentiongrabbing,andoftenunrealistic,flatpricetargets(e.g.,BritishColumbias"5-a-day" childcare program has emerged as Canada's most visible and widely debated stand-alone provincial social program. However, while commendably stimulating a national conversation about universal childcare, the program presents a more problematic legacy for childcare advocates in other provinces and at the federal level. Firstly, documented shortcomings of the Quebec model have provided fodder for ideologically-tinged attacks that use the example of Quebec as an indictment of the general concept of universal childcare. Secondly, the branding of the program has motivated campaigners to emphasize attention-grabbing, and often unrealistic, flat price targets (e.g., British Columbia's "10aDay" campaign) over the quality of care and the centrality of childcare to facilitate equal employment opportunities between women and men. This dynamic was especially prevalent in the coverage of the Baker et al. working paper "Non-Cognitive Deficits and Young Adult Outcomes: The Long-Run Impacts of a Universal Child Care Program" during the 2015 federal election campaign. I argue that the case of Quebec's childcare program challenges extant theoretical perspectives on Canadian federalism and interjurisdictional policy transfer by presenting an anomalous example of 'negative diffusion'

    Serving Us Rights: Securing the Right to Food in Canada

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    In recent decades, Canada has consistently failed to uphold basic human rights, including the right to food. This has caused widespread and persistent household food insecurity (HFI) which has become a serious, albeit overlooked, public health concern. Working from a political economic perspective, this article situates HFI within the context of the poverty resulting from neoliberal “rollbacks” to the welfare state. The majority of community and policy responses to HFI focus on the production or redistribution of food, which misses the underlying issue of inadequate income. These responses may even perpetuate food insecurity by offloading safety net functions onto corporations and communities that cannot compensate for welfare programs. In order to strengthen income-based responses to food insecurity, we recommend policy interventions under the “right to food” framework, which places primary responsibility on the state. But unlike traditionally legal conceptions of the right to food, we emphasize its utility as a tool for mobilizing civil society, which is a powerful yet underutilized source of accountability to state obligations. This approach therefore combines political action with policymaking, and civil society with senior governments, in the collective realization of the right to food

    Editorial, Volume 81

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    Mutual Aid Parkdale

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    The commentary includes an introduction to the political values, principles and activities of Mutual Aid Parkdale (M.A.P.) in Toronto, Ontario, during the COVID pandemic, followed by a panel discussion at York University of mutual aid leaders from M.A.P. discussing the history and purpose of mutual aid

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