432 research outputs found

    Public research and industrial innovations in Germany

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    This paper deals with the effects of publicly funded research at universities, polytechnics and federal research labs on industrial innovations in Germany. We discuss the characteristics of companies that benefit from the findings of public research institutions. In questioning 2,300 companies we found that less than one tenth of product or process innovating firms introduced innovations between 1993 and 1995 that would not have been developed without public research. These new products amount to approximately 5 percent of all new product sales. Regressions show that firms? own R&D support the ability to absorb the findings of public research and turn them into innovations. Contrary to the widely held opinion that proximity to public research institutions does promote collaboration between firms and public research and increase the amount of received knowledge spillovers, we found no higher probability of publicly supported innovations for firms in Germany that are located near universities or polytechnics. -- Wie viele industrielle Innovationen bringt die öffentliche Forschung hervor? Die vorliegende Untersuchung versucht, diese Frage zu beantworten und damit die wirtschaftliche Rechtfertigung fĂŒr Finanzierung und DurchfĂŒhrung von natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Forschung in öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen empirisch zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen. HierfĂŒr wurden rund 2.300 Unternehmen in der vierten Innovationserhebung von ZEW und infas im Jahr 1996 gefragt, ob sich unter ihren zwischen 1993 und 1995 eingefĂŒhrten Innovationen neue Produkte und Prozesse befanden, die ohne die neueren Forschungsergebnisse von Hochschulen und anderen öffentlichen finanzierten Forschungseinrichtungen nicht oder nur mit zeitlicher Verzögerung von mehr als einem Jahr aufgenommen worden wĂ€ren. Knapp 9 % der Unternehmen mit Innovationen in dem betrachteten Zeitraum bejahten diese Frage. Mit den Produkten, die nur mit Hilfe der öffentlichen Forschung zustande kamen, wurden 1995 allerdings weniger als 5 % des gesamten Umsatzes mit neuen Produkten gemacht. Der Technologietransfer von den öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen wird dabei entscheidend von den eigenen FuE-AktivitĂ€ten der Unternehmen begĂŒnstigt. Sie sind nötig um die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse im Unternehmen in marktgerechte Innovationen umzusetzen. Dagegen wirkt sich die rĂ€umliche NĂ€he zu Forschungseinrichtungen, die unter dem Stichwort regionale High-Tech-Agglomerationen diskutiert wird, nicht auf den Technologietransfer aus.technology transfer,industrial innovation,knowledge spillovers

    Time-dependent or state-dependent price setting? Micro-evidence from German metal-working industries

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    Price setting in German metal-working industries is analysed using a monthly panel of individual price data for more than 2,000 plants covering the period from 1980 to 2001. Motivated by several models in the literature, a duration model is estimated. Price changes can be explained by a combination of state-dependence and time-dependence. Time-dependence clearly dominates and is strongest if a price increase follows a price increase. This occurs most likely after 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 
 quarters. This time-dependent effect is so strong and cost and price increases are so weak in the observed period that adjustment occurs before the sticky price sufficiently deviates from the flexible price, as traditional menu cost models assume. State-dependence seems to be most relevant in periods with decreasing demand. Then firms reduce prices and the time between two price cuts only rarely exceeds four months. JEL Classification: D43, E31, L11business survey data, duration analysis, E31, JEL classification: D43, L11, price rigidity

    Time-dependent or state-dependent price setting? Micro-evidence from German metal-working industries

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    Price setting in German metal-working industries is analysed using a monthly panel of individual price data for more than 2,000 plants covering the period from 1980 to 2001. Motivated by several models in the literature, a duration model is estimated. Price changes can be explained by a combination of state-dependence and time-dependence but time-dependence clearly dominates. Time-dependence is strongest if a price increase follows a price increase. This is typically the case during the observed period. A price increase is most likely to follow a price increase after 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, – quarters. This time-dependent effect is so strong and cost and price increases are so weak in the observed period that adjustment occurs before the sticky price sufficiently deviates from the flexible price, as traditional menu cost models assume. State-dependence seems to be most relevant in periods with decreasing demand. Then prices are reduced and the time between two price reductions only rarely exceeds four months. --price rigidity,duration analysis,business survey data

    Public Research and Industrial Innovations in Germany

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    This paper deals with the effects of publicly funded research at universities, polytechnics and federal research labs on industrial innovations in Germany. We discuss the characteristics of companies that benefit from the findings of public research institutions. In questioning 2,300 companies we found that less than one tenth of product or process innovating firms introduced innovations between 1993 and 1995 that would not have been developed without public research. These new products amount to approximately 5 percent of all new product sales. Regressions show that firms' own R&D support the ability to absorb the findings of public research and turn them into innovations. Contrary to the widely held opinion that proximity to public research institutions does promote collaboration between firms and public research and increase the amount of received knowledge spillovers, we found no higher probability of publicly supported innovations for firms in Germany that are located near universities or polytechnics

    Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 1996

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    Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 199

    Price setting in the euro area: some stylised facts from individual producer price data

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    This paper documents producer price setting in 6 countries of the euro area: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Portugal. It collects evidence from available studies on each of those countries and also provides new evidence. These studies use monthly producer price data. The following five stylised facts emerge consistently across countries. First, producer prices change infrequently : each month around 21% of prices change. Second, there is substantial cross-sector heterogeneity in the frequency of price changes: prices change very often in the energy sector, less often in food and intermediate goods and least often in nondurable non- food and durable goods. Third, countries have a similar ranking of industries in terms of frequency of price changes. Fourth, there is no evidence of downward nominal rigidity: price changes are for about 45% decreases and 55% increases. Fifth, price changes are sizeable compared to the inflation rate. The paper also examines the factors driving producer price changes. It finds that costs structure, competition, seasonality, inflation and attractive pricing all play a role in driving producer price changes. In addition producer prices tend to be more flexible than consumer prices. --Price-setting,producer prices

    Price setting in the euro area : some stylised facts from individual producer price data

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    This paper documents producer price setting in 6 countries of the euro area: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Portugal. It collects evidence from available studies on each of those countries and also provides new evidence. These studies use monthly producer price data. The following five stylised facts emerge consistently across countries. First, producer prices change infrequently: each month around 21% of prices change. Second, there is substantial cross-sector heterogeneity in the frequency of price changes: prices change very often in the energy sector, less often in food and intermediate goods and least often in non-durable non- food and durable goods. Third, countries have a similar ranking of industries in terms of frequency of price changes. Fourth, there is no evidence of downward nominal rigidity: price changes are for about 45% decreases and 55% increases. Fifth, price changes are sizeable compared to the inflation rate. The paper also examines the factors driving producer price changes. It finds that costs structure, competition, seasonality, inflation and attractive pricing all play a role in driving producer price changes. In addition producer prices tend to be more flexible than consumer prices.Price-setting, producer prices

    Innovationsverhalten der deutschen Wirtschaft : Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 1993

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    Ein SchlĂŒsselfaktor fĂŒr das wirtschaftliche Wachstum und fĂŒr die internationale WettbewerbsfĂ€higkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft bilden die Innovationsanstrengungen der Unternehmen. Durch die Globalisierung der MĂ€rkte wird die FĂ€higkeit, neue Produkte, neue technische Verfahren und Ideen hervorzubringen und am Markt umzusetzen, immer wichtiger. Das Bundesministerium fĂŒr Forschung und Technologie (BMFT) hat daher eine jĂ€hrlich stattfindende reprĂ€sentative Erhebung "Zukunftsperspektiven der deutschen Wirtschaft" in Auftrag gegeben, das Innovationsverhalten in den alten und neuen BundeslĂ€ndern zu erfassen. Die damit beauftragten Institute - das Zentrum fĂŒr EuropĂ€ische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) und das Institut fĂŒr Angewandte Sozialwissenschaft (infas) - haben im Mai Fragebögen an ĂŒber 13000 zufĂ€llig ausgewĂ€hlte Unternehmen des 'Produzierenden Gewerbes' und des 'unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungssektors' im gesamten Bundesgebiet gesandt. Etwa 3000 Unternehmen aus den alten und neuen BundeslĂ€ndern beteiligten sich an der Umfrage. Parallel zu der Innovationserhebung in Deutschland wurden in der gesamten EG Unternehmensbefragungen mit den gleichen Fragestellungen durchgefĂŒhrt. Damit gelingt es zum ersten Mal, eine international vergleichbare Datenbasis zu schaffen, die durch die geplante Teilnahme der USA und Japans auf alle LĂ€nder der Triade erweitert wird. In diesem Bericht stehen folgende Aspekte des Innovationsverhaltens im Vordergrund: ‱ Ziele von InnovationsaktivitĂ€ten ‱ Hemmnisse fĂŒr die InnovationstĂ€tigkeit von Unternehmen ‱ die Messung der InnovationsaktivitĂ€ten und des Innovationserfolges sowie ‱ die Rolle von FuE-Kooperationen und ihre Bedeutung fĂŒr den Innovationserfolg

    Innovationsverhalten der deutschen Wirtschaft : Methodenbericht zur Innovationserhebung 1993

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    Bei dem vorliegenden Bericht handelt es sich um eine ĂŒberarbeitete Version des Berichtes an das Bundesministerium fĂŒr Forschung und Technologie (BMFT). VerĂ€nderungen erfuhr dabei Kapitel 8 "Die Messung von InnovationsaktivitĂ€ten anhand von Innovations- und FuElntensitĂ€ten". Gingen im ursprĂŒnglichen Bericht alle Unternehmen in die Hochrechnung ein, so wurden bei der Neuberechnung eine geringe Zahl von Unternehmen mit sehr hohen Gewichten und weit ĂŒberdurchschnittlichen IntensitĂ€ten aus der Hochrechnung ausgeschlossen. Außerdem wurde eine Variante der VerhĂ€ltnisschĂ€tzung mit aufgenommen, deren Verwendung fĂŒr kleine Stichproben empfohlen wird, Die Ergebnisse der freien Hochrechnung ohne BerĂŒcksichtigung der Schichtung werden dafĂŒr nicht mehr ausgewiesen. Eine Neubehandlung erfuhren auch die GeschĂ€ftsbereiche. Wurden sie ursprĂŒnglich zum Gesamtunternehmen aggregiert, so werden sie nun als eigenstĂ€ndige Unternehmen behandelt
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