WS3_Paper3_Veredas-Renz-Hainfellner

The use of social media has become part of our daily live. Television broadcasters have the opportunity to reach audiences by means of social media. The presentation of social media in final productions is a challenge. Graphics can help with this presentation, but it is needed a seamless integration of this social media with graphics. This paper reviews the used workflows of social media and graphics in television broadcasters, and propose a general workflow for social media and graphics integration

Compartmental and Temporal Dynamics of Chronic Inflammation and Airway Remodelling in a Chronic Asthma Mouse Model

<div><p>Background</p><p>Allergic asthma is associated with chronic airway inflammation and progressive airway remodelling. However, the dynamics of the development of these features and their spontaneous and pharmacological reversibility are still poorly understood. We have therefore investigated the dynamics of airway remodelling and repair in an experimental asthma model and studied how pharmacological intervention affects these processes.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Using BALB/c mice, the kinetics of chronic asthma progression and resolution were characterised in absence and presence of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment. Airway inflammation and remodelling was assessed by the analysis of bronchoalveolar and peribronichal inflammatory cell infiltrate, goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening.</p><p>Results</p><p>Chronic allergen exposure resulted in early (goblet cell hyperplasia) and late remodelling (collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening). After four weeks of allergen cessation eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition were resolved, full resolution of lymphocyte inflammation and smooth muscle thickening was only observed after eight weeks. ICS therapy when started before the full establishment of chronic asthma reduced the development of lung inflammation, decreased goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition, but did not affect smooth muscle thickening. These effects of ICS on airway remodelling were maintained for a further four weeks even when therapy was discontinued.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Utilising a chronic model of experimental asthma we have shown that repeated allergen exposure induces reversible airway remodelling and inflammation in mice. Therapeutic intervention with ICS was partially effective in inhibiting the transition from acute to chronic asthma by reducing airway inflammation and remodelling but was ineffective in preventing smooth muscle hypertrophy.</p></div

Chronic allergen exposure induces airway inflammation and remodelling.

<p>Mice were challenged with OVA for up to 18 weeks (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085839#pone-0085839-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>, Protocol A) and analysed for airway inflammation, as determined by (A) BALF cell counts and morphometric quantification of peribronchial inflammation. (B) Airway remodelling was determined by quantification of goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening. Data points represent means ± SEM of n = 6–8 animals per group.</p

Inhaled corticosteroids attenuate some but not all characteristics of chronic asthma.

<p>Mice were sensitised and challenged for six weeks with PBS or OVA (black bars). OVA treatment was continued for another eight weeks (light grey bars), with or without parallel treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). OVA treatment was then continued for another 4 weeks without ICS application (dark grey bars) (Protocol C). Data are presented as mean ± SEM of n = 6–8 animals per group, *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001.</p

Resolution of airway tissue inflammation and remodelling following chronic allergen exposure.

<p>Chronic asthma was established by challenging OVA sensitized mice for 12 weeks twice weekly. OVA challenge was then discontinued and replaced with PBS for four or eight weeks. Outcome measurements were made at either 12 (+ 0), 16 (+ 4) or 20 (+ 8) weeks of challenge (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085839#pone-0085839-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>, Protocol B). (A) Representative photomicrographs of haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stained sections (arrows indicate eosinophils, (B) immunohistochemical staining of CD3, (C) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), (D) Sirius Red staining and (E) immunohistochemical staining of smooth muscle actin (SMA). (F) Histological quantification of lung inflammation, (G) eosinophil numbers as determined by morphological criteria in H&E stained lung sections, (H) CD3⁺ lymphocytes, (I) fraction of basal membrane (BM) covered by goblet cells, (J) collagen deposition and (K) SMA thickness. Box and whisker plots show mean and percentiles of n = 6–8 animals per group, *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001.</p

Schematic representation of treatment protocol.

<p>Mice were sensitised to OVA by three intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections on days 0, 14 and 21 with OVA absorbed to alum. Mice were sensitised and challenged with aerosolised OVA twice weekly for up to 18 weeks as indicated. Control mice were sensitised and challenged with PBS. Analysis was performed after 6, 8, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks of challenge (Protocol A). To investigate the resolution of airway inflammation and remodelling, OVA was replaced with PBS after 12 weeks for either 4 or 8 weeks (Protocol B). In a third study, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were given intranasally (i.n.) starting after 6 weeks of OVA challenge for 4 weeks (Protocol C).</p

High first-trimester maternal blood cystatin C levels despite normal serum creatinine predict pre-eclampsia in singleton pregnancies

<p>Early biochemical identification of women at high risk for the development of pre-eclampsia (PE) is still unsatisfactory. Renal markers measured during the first trimester were analysed to predict later occurrence of PE. A nested case-control study was conducted within the prospective predictive markers for the diagnosis of preeclampsia study. Pregnant women were included at the end of the first trimester and followed up until birth. Controls were matched to PE cases. Renal markers [i.e. creatinine, cystatin C (CysC), β₂ microglobulin (B2M), β-trace protein (BTP), glomerular filtration rate estimations (eGFR) of the aforementioned markers, uric acid (UA), urea, and serum uromodulin (sUMOD)] were compared to placental growth factor (PlGF), a marker known to predict PE later in pregnancy. Reference intervals were determined for the different markers. In the 183 women (PE, <i>n</i> = 39; controls, <i>n</i> = 144), CysC, the CysC/PlGF ratio (<i>p</i> < .01) and UA were higher, whereas the eGFR_CysC/eGFR_Crea ratio (a marker of glomerular endothelial integrity and shrunken pore syndrome) and PlGF were lower in women who developed PE (<i>p</i> < .05 for all). Compromised filtration of the larger molecule CysC together with a normal creatinine, in a subset of PE cases (15.3%) was a unique, strong and independent predictor of later PE if the baseline CysC concentration was >0.85 mg/l. In conclusion, CysC and its derivatives as well as UA, indicating volume expansion, measured at the end of the first trimester are predictive of PE. Thus, women can be easily identified and followed as an early reduction in glomerular filtration quality poses a high risk for a subsequent development of PE.</p

Additional file 1: of Integrating clinical decision support systems for pharmacogenomic testing into clinical routine - a scoping review of designs of user-system interactions in recent system development

PRISMA checklist for the process of searching and selecting articles. Information is provided for 22 out of 27 points recommended. (DOC 63 kb

Additional file 2: of Integrating clinical decision support systems for pharmacogenomic testing into clinical routine - a scoping review of designs of user-system interactions in recent system development

In-depth overview of the features of the selected pharmacogenomic CDSS. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet format (.xls); providing an overview of the features of the 20 selected pharmacogenomic CDSS. (XLS 60 kb

Additional file 4: of A GATA3-specific DNAzyme attenuates sputum eosinophilia in eosinophilic COPD patients: a feasibility randomized clinical trial

Table S3 provides the baseline characteristics of the per-protocol population. Data are displayed as mean ± SD in the upper row, median (25% percentile – 75% percentile) in the lower row. Categorical variables are displayed as absolute numbers or percentage as indicated. (TIFF 185 kb