Future Medical Doctors Are Ready to Prescribe Antimicrobials Safely and Rationally

Therefore, the answer remains in improving clinical pharmacology teaching and learning in undergraduate curriculum [40, 41]with necessary assessment program regarding prescribing skill [40]need to incorporate with the hope situation will improve to provide better health care for common people of this planet.Â

ANTIMICROBIAL USE, PRESCRIBING, AND RESISTANCE IN SELECTED TEN SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

The widespread accessibility of antimicrobials transformed the path of olden times. Many infections beforehand not curable found treatment, forexample, tuberculosis. Scientist, common people thought once that humankind has able conquered microbial diseases. Nonetheless, irrational andunnecessary use antimicrobials create resistant microbes throughout the universe. Moreover, the development new antimicrobials have slowed down,particularly for those diseases of developing countries who have very poor financial ability to pay the research overhead of the inventor. Thereafter,currently available antimicrobials antimicrobials are loosing their efficacy and spectrum everyday against resistant microbes. Subsequently, oncethose diseases were treatable with no antimicrobials or very low profile agents now need the higher form of antimicrobials even multiple agents. Assuch health care cost is increasing every day which is beyond the economic ability of common people of anywhere of the world. All these 10 developingcountries very frequently were observed that overuse and irrational use of antimicrobials. Researchers of these developing countries opined thatanswer remains in continuing medical education for all health-related stakeholders and appropriate policy to stop irrational prescribing, and promoteprudent and rational prescribing and use of medicine, including antimicrobials

ART THERAPY AND AUTISM

Autism is a developmental condition that affects social interaction and behavior in human beings. The condition falls under a wider groupknown autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are some diagnosticcriteria in DSM-5 for ASD [1]; the pathognomonic symptoms of thedisease revolve around impairment in social communication, andbehaviors that are restrictive or repetitive in nature. PsychiatristLorna Wing proposed a central triad of symptoms, which can be seenin Fig. 1 [2,3]. It should be noted that social imagination refers to anautistic person's inability to predict and understand the behaviors ofpeople around them, rather than a lack of imagination as a whole.The condition can be present from birth or develop due to environmentalfactors or other medical causes. Elements such as genetics, as well aspsychological and neurological development, may also play a key rolein the condition [4].Although there is no cure for ASD, there are some strategies that canbe used to help aid an individual with autism to grow and achieve themost out of their lives. One of these approaches is the use of art therapy

Pulse vaccination in the periodic infection rate SIR epidemic model

A pulse vaccination SIR model with periodic infection rate $\beta (t)$ have been proposed and studied. The basic reproductive number $R_0$ is defined. The dynamical behaviors of the model are analyzed with the help of persistence, bifurcation and global stability. It has been shown that the infection-free periodic solution is globally stable provided $R_0 < 1$ and is unstable if $R_0>1$. Standard bifurcation theory have been used to show the existence of the positive periodic solution for the case of $R_0 \to1^+$. Finally, the numerical simulations have been performed to show the uniqueness and the global stability of the positive periodic solution of the system.Comment: 17pages and 3figures, submmission to Mathematical Bioscience

THE CURRENT SCREENING TECHNOLOGIES OF GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes is commonly observed as a complexity and alteration of metabolic pathways through the oxidative stress and inflammations. It is a chronic condition, which has shown adverse effects and damages mechanisms. A broad study involving latest technologies has been conducted to view the alteration of gene expressions in order to understand the underlying of diabetes complications, a high rank of mortal disease worldwide, which demands a high cost of treatments and medications. Current technology has engaged with the method of gene expression detection, which is available in the laboratory settings, includes microarray system, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and next gene sequencing (NGS). The output from gene expressions studies contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism, promising a better possible gene target therapy and preventions

PARENT'S SELF-EFFICACY, EMOTIONALITY, AND INTELLECTUAL ABILITY IMPACTING THE INTERVENTION OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: A REVIEW PROPOSED MODEL FOR APPRAISAL OF INTERVENTION

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may affect all domains of a child’s life. Indeed, it impacts not only the child but also parents and siblings, causing disturbances in the family. The experience of parents with an autism spectrum disorder can be devastating; they have a demanding need to cope with complex situations in their lives. The presence of pervasive and severe deficits in children with ASD increases the adjusting demands of parents in their life situations, thus, nudging them into distress which in turn incapacitate them and lowers their efficiency to deal with these situations thereby reducing their self-efficacy. These parents are found with disturbances in emotional and intellectual components of their personalities. They end up being shattered in their interpersonal relationship and family life. Indeed, these aspects of parental distress rank lower in position and the focus rests on the treatment of ASD. Thus, the management of ASD incapacitating the parents of the deficit children to reach their fullest abilities remains questionable. Therefore, the objectives of this study are a) to examine the impact of emotionality, intellectual ability and self-efficacy of the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. b) To propose a new intervention model for ASD incorporating self-efficacy, emotional and mental ability c) To suggest the integration of this new model with the current intervention regimens to ensure better efficacy. This study, based on past evidence has keenly, examined the correlation of intellectual ability, emotionality and self-efficacy with the intervention of autism spectrum disorder. The results reveal that emotional and intellectual disturbances and impaired self-efficacy in the parents of children with ASD have an adverse impact on the intervention of ASD. A new model of intervention for ASD encompassing the above-mentioned essential components of parents’ personality has been proposed, and its integration with the existing treatment regimens has been suggested to reap an improved outcome. The study concludes by observing the fact that considerable improvement in the diagnosed child may not ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially at the time and expense of intervention can be even more detrimental to the overall personality of the parents. The new proposed model of intervention can pave the way for further research in this regard

Mathematical modelling of eukaryotic stress-response gene networks

Mathematical modelling of gene regulatory networks is a relatively new area which is playing an important role in theoretical and experimental investigations that seek to open the door to understanding the real mechanisms that take place in living systems. The current thesis concentrates on studying the animal stress-response gene regulatory network by seeking to predict the consequence of environmental hazards caused by chemical mixtures (typical of industrial pollution). Organisms exposed to pollutants display multiple defensive stress responses, which together constitute an interlinked gene network (the Stress-Response Network; SRN). Multiple SRN reporter-gene outputs have been monitored during single and combined chemical exposures in transgenic strains of two invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Reporter expression data from both species have been integrated into mathematical models describing the dynamic behaviour of the SRN and incorporating its known regulatory gene circuits. We describe some mathematical models of several types of different stress response networks, incorporating various methods of activation and inhibition, including formation of complexes and gene regulation (through several known transcription factors). Although the full details of the protein interactions forming these types of circuits are not yet well-known, we seek to include the relevant proteins acting in different cellular compartments. We propose and analyse a number of different models that describe four different stress response gene networks and through a combination of analytical (including stability, bifurcation and asymptotic) and numerical methods, we study these models to gain insight on the effect of several stresses on gene networks. A detailed time-dependent asymptotic analysis is performed for relevant models in order to clarify the roles of the distinct biochemical reactions that make up several important proteins production processes. In two models we were able to verify the theoretical predictions with the corresponding laboratory experimental observations that carried out by my coworkers in Britain and India

Potential strategies to improve antimicrobial utilisation in hospitals in Bangladesh building on experiences across developing countries

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem worldwide, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and costs, with the overall costs of AMR typically exceeding the costs of the different antibiotics prescribed and dispensed. AMR is particularly important in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as these countries have the highest burden of infectious diseases with growing rates of resistant organisms

Key findings regarding COVID 19 in Bangladesh and wider and their implications

COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and by mid-August 2021, there were over 208 million confirmed cases worldwide with more than 4.3 million deaths giving a case fatality ratio of 2.1%. There have also been appreciable unintended consequences of COVID-19 as a result of lockdown and other measures. These include a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), reduced number of vaccinations among children due to lock-down and other measures as well as fear attending clinics, and economic hardship with implications for rising domestic violence and child labour especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There have also been consequences regarding the education of students and healthcare professionals following closure of universities and other restrictions as well as for ongoing research activities