MEI Kodierung der frühesten Notation in linienlosen Neumen

Das Optical Neume Recognition Project (ONRP) hat die digitale Kodierung von musikalischen Notationszeichen aus dem Jahr um 1000 zum Ziel – ein ambitioniertes Vorhaben, das die Projektmitglieder veranlasste, verschiedenste methodische Ansätze zu evaluieren. Die Optical Music Recognition-Software soll eine linienlose Notation aus einem der ältesten erhaltenen Quellen mit Notationszeichen, dem Antiphonar Hartker aus der Benediktinerabtei St. Gallen (Schweiz), welches heute in zwei Bänden in der Stiftsbibliothek in St. Gallen aufbewahrt wird, erfassen. Aufgrund der handgeschriebenen, linienlosen Notation stellt dieser Gregorianische Gesang den Forscher vor viele Herausforderungen. Das Werk umfasst über 300 verschiedene Neumenzeichen und ihre Notation, die mit Hilfe der Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) erfasst und beschrieben werden sollen. Der folgende Artikel beschreibt den Prozess der Adaptierung, um die MEI auf die Notation von Neumen ohne Notenlinien anzuwenden. Beschrieben werden Eigenschaften der Neumennotation, um zu verdeutlichen, wo die Herausforderungen dieser Arbeit liegen sowie die Funktionsweise des Classifiers, einer Art digitalen Neumenwörterbuchs

Partial Conversion of Current Collectors into Nickel Copper Oxide Electrode Materials for High-Performance Energy Storage Devices

A novel substrate sacrifice process is proposed and developed for converting part of a current collector into supercapacitor active materials, which provides a new route in achieving high energy density of supercapacitor device. Part of a copper foam current collector is successfully converted into highly porous nickel copper oxide electrode for light- and high-performance supercapacitors. Remarkably, this strategy circumvents the problem associated with poor contact interface between electrode and current collector. Meanwhile, the overall weight of the supercapacitor could be minimized. The charge transfer kinetics is improved while the advantage of the excellent mechanical properties of metal current collector is not traded off. By virtue of this unique current collector self-involved architecture, the material derived from the current collector manifests large areal capacitance of 3.13 F cm^–2 at a current density of 1 A g^–1. The capacitance can retain 2.97 F cm^–2 at a much higher density (4 A g^–1). Only a small decay of 6.5% appears at 4 A g^–1 after 1600 cycles. The strategy reported here sheds light on new strategies in making additional use of the metal current collector. Furthermore, asymmetric supercapacitor using both solid-state gel electrolyte and liquid counterpart are obtained and analyzed. The liquid asymmetric supercapacitor can deliver a high energy density up to 0.5 mWh cm^–2 (53 Wh kg^–1) at a power density of 13 mW cm^–2 (1.4 kW kg^–1)

Low-Contact-Resistance Graphene Devices with Nickel-Etched-Graphene Contacts

The performance of graphene-based transistors is often limited by the large electrical resistance across the metal–graphene contact. We report an approach to achieve ultralow resistance metal contacts to graphene transistors. Through a process of metal-catalyzed etching in hydrogen, multiple nanosized pits with zigzag edges are created in the graphene portions under source/drain metal contacts while the graphene channel remains intact. The porous graphene source/drain portions with pure zigzag-termination form strong chemical bonds with the deposited nickel metallization without the need for further annealing. This facile contact treatment prior to electrode metallization results in contact resistance as low as 100 Ω·μm in single-layer graphene field-effect transistors, and 11 Ω·μm in bilayer graphene transistors. Besides 96% reduction in contact resistance, the contact-treated graphene transistors exhibit 1.5-fold improvement in mobility. More importantly, the metal-catalyzed etching contact treatment is compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes, and holds great promise to meet the contact performance required for the integration of graphene in future integrated circuits

Determination and Comparison of 4′‑<i>O</i>‑Methylpyridoxine Analogues in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Seeds at Different Growth Stages

The antivitamin B₆, 4′-<i>O</i>-methylpyridoxine (MPN); its glucoside, 4′-<i>O</i>-methylpyridoxine-5′-glucoside (MPNG); and vitamin B₆ compounds, including pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), and pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate, exist in <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> seeds, which are widely used as food and medicine. This work aimed to determine the MPN analogues in <i>G. biloba</i> seeds at different growth stages in terms of cultivars and ages of trees. The highest total MPN contents of 249.30, 295.62, and 267.85 μg/g were obtained in the mature stages of three selected <i>G. biloba</i> samples. The total contents of vitamin B₆ compounds decreased significantly in the entire growth period of the three samples. Principal-component analysis revealed that MPN and MPNG were important contributors in the MPN-analogue metabolism of <i>G. biloba</i> seeds. The influence of the cultivar on the content and composition of MPN analogues was greater than that of the age of the <i>G. biloba</i> tree

Hierarchical Porous Nickel Cobaltate Nanoneedle Arrays as Flexible Carbon-Protected Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

Rechargeable lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries are consequently considered to be an attractive energy storage technology because of the high theoretical energy densities. Here, an effective binder-free cathode with high capacity for Li–O₂ batteries, needle-like mesoporous NiCo₂O₄ nanowire arrays uniformly coated on the flexible carbon textile have been in situ fabricated via a facile hydrothermal process followed by low temperature calcination. Because of the material and structural features, the needle-like NiCo₂O₄ nanowire arrays (NCONWAs) served as a binder-free cathode exhibits high specific capacity (4221 mAh g^–1), excellent rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability (200 cycles). This cathode based on nonprecious mesoporous metal oxides nanowire arrays has large open spaces and high surface area, providing numerous catalytically active sites and effective transmission pathways for lithium ion and oxygen, and promises the abundant Li₂O₂ storage. The fast electron transport by directly anchoring on the substrate ensures fast electrochemical reaction process involved with the every nanowire. Furthermore, a bendable Li–O₂ battery assembled by using the flexible NCONWAs as the cathode, can be able to light an LED and shows good rate capability and cyclic stability

Effect of Sulfide Precursor Selection on the Nucleation, Growth, and Elemental Composition of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Nanocrystals

A means to synthesize large quantities of Cu₂Zn­SnS₄ (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) is necessary for large-scale production of solution-processed CZTS solar cells. We embarked on a pioneering attempt to investigate and understand the conditions necessary to synthesize CZTS NCs in a novel formamide solvent system using an easily scalable heat-up method and focused on the effect of sulfide precursor selection (thio­acetamide vs thiourea). Unlike previous reports, which studied metallic and binary compounds, the compound (CZTS) we investigated comprises more than one metallic element. This difference in composition made possible the observation that sulfide precursor selection strongly alters the elemental composition of the NCs, a vital consideration for multinary compounds of which their performance is strongly dependent on their elemental composition. We found also that sulfide precursor choice influences the nucleation and growth characteristics of the NCs but not the phase of the final product or the phase transformation during reaction. The reasons for the observed differences are investigated and presented. On the basis of these findings, multigram quantities of CZTS NCs with small size and suitable elemental composition, properties crucial for solution-processed CZTS solar cells, are synthesized successfully with high yields

Table_1_Size measurement and filled/unfilled detection of rice grains using backlight image processing.docx

Measurements of rice physical traits, such as length, width, and percentage of filled/unfilled grains, are essential steps of rice breeding. A new approach for measuring the physical traits of rice grains for breeding purposes was presented in this study, utilizing image processing techniques. Backlight photography was used to capture a grayscale image of a group of rice grains, which was then analyzed using a clustering algorithm to differentiate between filled and unfilled grains based on their grayscale values. The impact of backlight intensity on the accuracy of the method was also investigated. The results show that the proposed method has excellent accuracy and high efficiency. The mean absolute percentage error of the method was 0.24% and 1.36% in calculating the total number of grain particles and distinguishing the number of filled grains, respectively. The grain size was also measured with a little margin of error. The mean absolute percentage error of grain length measurement was 1.11%, while the measurement error of grain width was 4.03%. The method was found to be highly accurate, non-destructive, and cost-effective when compared to conventional methods, making it a promising approach for characterizing physical traits for crop breeding.</p

Dye leakage and ROS assays of hIAPP co-incubated with BPA.

<p>(A) Fluorescence dye leakage levels of hIAPP in the presence of different ratios of BPA. 0.2% Triton X-100 treated carboxyfluorescein-containing POPG micelles were used as the positive control. . (B) ROS levels of INS-1 cell treated with hIAPP and BPA. Untreated INS-1 cells co-incubated with equal volume of PBS was used as negative control. Concentrations of hIAPP used for dye leakage assay and ROS assay were 1 µM and 10 µM, respectively. *, P<0.05.</p

Structures of hIAPP and BPA.

<p>(A) Primary sequence of hIAPP with a disulfide bridge between Cys-2 and Cys-7. (B) Chemical structure of bisphenol A.</p

Size-exclusion gel filtration results of hIAPP co-incubated with different molar ratios of BPA.

<p>Oligomers of different molecular weights were marked with asterisks.</p