58,352 research outputs found
Unions and the Sword of Justice: Unions and Pay Systems, Pay Inequality, Pay Discrimination and Low Pay
Dispersion in pay is lower among union members than among non-unionists. This reflects two factors. First, union members and jobs are more homogeneous than their non-union counterparts. Second, union wage policies within and across firms lower pay dispersion. Unions' minimum wage targets also truncate the lower tail of the union distribution. There are two major consequences of these egalitarian union wage policies. First, the return to human capital is lower in firms which recognise unions than in the unorganised sector. Second, unions compress the wage structure by gender, race and occupation.Unions, pay distribution, discrimination
The scalar perturbation spectral index n_s: WMAP sensitivity to unresolved point sources
Precision measurement of the scalar perturbation spectral index, n_s, from
the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe temperature angular power spectrum
requires the subtraction of unresolved point source power. Here we reconsider
this issue. First, we note a peculiarity in the WMAP temperature likelihood's
response to the source correction: Cosmological parameters do not respond to
increased source errors. An alternative and more direct method for treating
this error term acts more sensibly, and also shifts n_s by ~0.3 sigma closer to
unity. Second, we re-examine the source fit used to correct the power spectrum.
This fit depends strongly on the galactic cut and the weighting of the map,
indicating that either the source population or masking procedure is not
isotropic. Jackknife tests appear inconsistent, causing us to assign large
uncertainties to account for possible systematics. Third, we note that the WMAP
team's spectrum was computed with two different weighting schemes: uniform
weights transition to inverse noise variance weights at l = 500. The fit
depends on such weighting schemes, so different corrections apply to each
multipole range. For the Kp2 mask used in cosmological analysis, we prefer
source corrections A = 0.012 +/- 0.005 muK^2 for uniform weighting and A =
0.015 +/- 0.005 muK^2 for N_obs weighting. Correcting WMAP's spectrum
correspondingly, we compute cosmological parameters with our alternative
likelihood, finding n_s = 0.970 +/- 0.017 and sigma_8 = 0.778 +/- 0.045 . This
n_s is only 1.8 sigma from unity, compared to the ~2.6 sigma WMAP 3-year
result. Finally, an anomalous feature in the source spectrum at l<200 remains,
most strongly associated with W-band.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Submitted to Ap
Asymmetries in the CMB anisotropy field
We report on the results from two independent but complementary statistical
analyses of the WMAP first-year data, based on the power spectrum and N-point
correlation functions. We focus on large and intermediate scales (larger than
about 3 degrees) and compare the observed data against Monte Carlo ensembles
with WMAP-like properties. In both analyses, we measure the amplitudes of the
large-scale fluctuations on opposing hemispheres and study the ratio of the two
amplitudes. The power-spectrum analysis shows that this ratio for WMAP, as
measured along the axis of maximum asymmetry, is high at the 95%-99% level
(depending on the particular multipole range included). The axis of maximum
asymmetry of the WMAP data is weakly dependent on the multipole range under
consideration but tends to lie close to the ecliptic axis. In the N-point
correlation function analysis we focus on the northern and southern hemispheres
defined in ecliptic coordinates, and we find that the ratio of the large-scale
fluctuation amplitudes is high at the 98%-99% level. Furthermore, the results
are stable with respect to choice of Galactic cut and also with respect to
frequency band. A similar asymmetry is found in the COBE-DMR map, and the axis
of maximum asymmetry is close to the one found in the WMAP data.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures; version to appear in ApJ, textual improvements,
added reference
Lattice model for cold and warm swelling of polymers in water
We define a lattice model for the interaction of a polymer with water. We
solve the model in a suitable approximation. In the case of a non-polar
homopolymer, for reasonable values of the parameters, the polymer is found in a
non-compact conformation at low temperature; as the temperature grows, there is
a sharp transition towards a compact state, then, at higher temperatures, the
polymer swells again. This behaviour closely reminds that of proteins, that are
unfolded at both low and high temperatures.Comment: REVTeX, 5 pages, 2 EPS figure
Increasing evidence for hemispherical power asymmetry in the five-year WMAP data
(Abridged)Motivated by the recent results of Hansen et al. (2008) concerning
a noticeable hemispherical power asymmetry in the WMAP data on small angular
scales, we revisit the dipole modulated signal model introduced by Gordon et
al. (2005). This model assumes that the true CMB signal consists of a Gaussian
isotropic random field modulated by a dipole, and is characterized by an
overall modulation amplitude, A, and a preferred direction, p. Previous
analyses of this model has been restricted to very low resolution due to
computational cost. In this paper, we double the angular resolution, and
compute the full corresponding posterior distribution for the 5-year WMAP data.
The results from our analysis are the following: The best-fit modulation
amplitude for l <= 64 and the ILC data with the WMAP KQ85 sky cut is A=0.072
+/- 0.022, non-zero at 3.3sigma, and the preferred direction points toward
Galactic coordinates (l,b) = (224 degree, -22 degree) +/- 24 degree. The
corresponding results for l <~ 40 from earlier analyses was A = 0.11 +/- 0.04
and (l,b) = (225 degree,-27 degree). The statistical significance of a non-zero
amplitude thus increases from 2.8sigma to 3.3sigma when increasing l_max from
40 to 64, and all results are consistent to within 1sigma. Similarly, the
Bayesian log-evidence difference with respect to the isotropic model increases
from Delta ln E = 1.8 to Delta ln E = 2.6, ranking as "strong evidence" on the
Jeffreys' scale. The raw best-fit log-likelihood difference increases from
Delta ln L = 6.1 to Delta ln L = 7.3. Similar, and often slightly stronger,
results are found for other data combinations. Thus, we find that the evidence
for a dipole power distribution in the WMAP data increases with l in the 5-year
WMAP data set, in agreement with the reports of Hansen et al. (2008).Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; added references and minor comments. Accepted for
publication in Ap
Modal cut-off and the V-parameter in photonic crystal fibers
We address the long-standing unresolved problem concerning the V-parameter in
a photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Formulate the parameter appropriate for a
core-defect in a periodic structure we argue that the multi-mode cut-off occurs
at a wavelength lambda* which satisfies V_PCF(lambda*)=pi. Comparing to
numerics and recent cut-off calculations we confirm this result.Comment: 3 pages including 2 figures. Accepted for Optics Letter
Evidence of vorticity and shear at large angular scales in the WMAP data: a violation of cosmological isotropy?
Motivated by the large-scale asymmetry observed in the cosmic microwave
background sky, we consider a specific class of anisotropic cosmological models
-- Bianchi type VII_h -- and compare them to the WMAP first-year data on large
angular scales. Remarkably, we find evidence of a correlation which is ruled
out as a chance alignment at the 3sigma level. The best fit Bianchi model
corresponds to x=0.55, Omega_0=0.5, a rotation axis in the direction
(l,b)=(222degr,-62degr), shear (sigma/H)_0=2.4e-10 and a right--handed
vorticity (omega/H)_0=6.1e-10. Correcting for this component greatly reduces
the significance of the large-scale power asymmetry, resolves several anomalies
detected on large angular scales (ie. the low quadrupole amplitude and
quadrupole/octopole planarity and alignment), and can account for a
non--Gaussian "cold spot" on the sky. Despite the apparent inconsistency with
the best-fit parameters required in inflationary models to account for the
acoustic peaks, we consider the results sufficiently provocative to merit
further consideration.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; emulateapj.cls; ApJL accepted version plus fixed
error in vorticity calculation (sqrt(2) off in Table 1, abstract, and
conclusions); basic conclusions unchange
Probing non-Gaussianities in the CMB on an incomplete sky using surrogates
We demonstrate the feasibility to generate surrogates by Fourier-based
methods for an incomplete data set. This is performed for the case of a CMB
analysis, where astrophysical foreground emission, mainly present in the
Galactic plane, is a major challenge. The shuffling of the Fourier phases for
generating surrogates is now enabled by transforming the spherical harmonics
into a new set of basis functions that are orthonormal on the cut sky. The
results show that non-Gaussianities and hemispherical asymmetries in the CMB as
identified in several former investigations, can still be detected even when
the complete Galactic plane (|b| < 30{\deg}) is removed. We conclude that the
Galactic plane cannot be the dominant source for these anomalies. The results
point towards a violation of statistical isotropy.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Physical Review
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