Respiratory activity and browning of minimally processed sweet potatoes Atividade respiratória e escurecimento de raízes de batata-doce minimamente processada

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.), 'Brazlândia Roxa', 'Brazlândia Branca' and 'Princesa' were harvested at optimum maturity to evaluate respiratory activity and browning susceptibility of minimally processed roots. After harvest, non-blemished roots were graded for size (18&plusmn;2cm) and diameter (5&plusmn;1cm), and minimally processed inside a cold room. Processed roots were placed in sealed glass jars and stored at 3&plusmn;0.5&deg;C to evaluate respiratory activity during a 4-hour period or were packed in plastic films with partial vacuum to evaluate development of browning. Packages were stored under refrigerated conditions (3&plusmn;0.5&deg;C) for 5 days. Daily, minimally processed roots were evaluated for browning according to a scale ranging from 0 (extremely browned) to 5 (no browning) and using an objective assay (absorbance at 340 nm). Minimally processed roots showed a pronounced increase in carbon dioxide evolution immediately after processing. 'Princesa' had the highest respiratory activity among the evaluated cultivars, being 40% higher two hours after processing than the other cultivars. 'Brazlândia Roxa' and 'Brazlândia Branca' were significantly less susceptible to browning compared to 'Princesa', which was rated as unacceptable for commercial use at the end of the storage period. 'Brazlândia Roxa' and 'Brazlândia Branca' were still marketable at the end of the storage period.<br>Batata doce (Ipomoea batatas L.), 'Brazlândia Roxa', 'Brazlândia Branca' e 'Princesa' foram colhidas no ponto ótimo de maturidade hortícola, com o objetivo de avaliar-se a atividade respiratória e a suscetibilidade ao escurecimento de raízes minimamente processadas. Após a colheita, raízes sem danos mecânicos aparentes foram selecionadas para tamanho (18&plusmn;2cm) e diâmetro (5&plusmn;1cm) e foram minimamente processadas no interior de uma câmara fria. As raízes minimamente processadas foram colocadas em frascos de vidro hermeticamente fechados e armazenados a 3&plusmn;0,5&deg;C para avaliar-se a atividade respiratória durante um período de 4 horas. Porções de raízes minimamente processadas (&plusmn;300 g) foram armazenadas em filmes plásticos com vácuo parcial para avaliação do desenvolvimento de escurecimento. As embalagens foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (3&plusmn;0,5&deg;C) por 5 dias. Diariamente, as raízes minimamente processadas foram avaliadas para escurecimento de acordo com uma escala de notas variando de 0 (extremamente escurecido) a 5 (sem escurecimento) e utilizando um método objetivo (absorbância a 340 nm). As raízes minimamente processadas apresentaram um aumento pronunciado na atividade respiratória logo após o processamento. A cultivar Princesa apresentou a maior atividade respiratória dentre os materiais estudados, possuindo uma atividade respiratória 40% superior às demais cultivares, 2 horas após o processamento. As cultivares Brazlândia Roxa e Brazlândia Branca foram significativamente menos suscetíveis ao escurecimento quando comparadas com "Princesa", que possuía qualidade comercial inaceitável ao final do período experimental. Por outro lado, as cultivares Brazlândia Roxa e Brazlândia Branca ainda possuíam qualidade comercial ao final do experimento

Embryo rescue from interspecific crosses in apple rootstocks Resgate de embriões a partir de cruzamentos interespecíficos em porta-enxerto de macieira

The objetive of this work was to rescue immature embryos of apple rootstocks Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) and Malus pumila (M9) after 40-60 days of pollination and to put them into MS culture media supplemented with agar (6 g L-1) and casein hydrolysate (500 mg L-1). Embryos originated from interspecific crosses and open pollination showed differences in the in vitro responses, depending on the female parent, the developmental stage of the embryo, and the culture medium composition. Embryos of the M. pumila rootstock, rescued within 40 days after pollination and put in culture medium supplemented with indolacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin and maltose, resulted in a normal development of plantlets. However, embryos originating from hand-pollination, cultivated in medium supplemented with 14 µM IAA, 5 µM kinetin and 1.5 µM Ga3 (MS1), mainly those of M. prunifolia x M. pumila, showed a high percentage of rusted embryos (96.2%). Embryos from open pollination of M. prunifolia and M. pumila formed calluses. It was possible to identify the influence of the female parent by the enhanced development of M. pumila shoots derived from open or hand-pollination. The crossing of responsive species and the use of the technique of embryo culture provided a rapid and uniform germination and, consequently, the development of fully normal seedlings.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi resgatar embriões imaturos de porta-enxertos de macieira Malus prunifolia (Marubakaido) e Malus pumila (M9) depois de 40 e 60 dias de polinização e colocá-los em meio de cultura MS suplementado com ágar (6 g L-1) e hidrolisado de caseína (500 mg L-1). Embriões originados do cruzamento interespecífico dirigido e de polinização aberta mostraram diferenças significativas in vitro, tendo sido observadas diferenças quanto ao progenitor feminino, quanto à fase de desenvolvimento do embrião e à composição do meio de cultura. Embriões do porta-enxerto M. pumila, resgatados aos 40 dias depois da polinização e colocados em meio de cultura suplementado com ácido indolacético (AIA), ácido giberélico (GA3), cinetina e maltose, resultaram em desenvolvimento normal das plantas. Porém, foi observada alta porcentagem de embriões oxidados (96,2%), originados de polinização dirigida, cultivados em meio com 14 µM de AIA, 5 µM de cinetina e 1,5 µM de GA3 (MS1), principalmente para o cruzamento M. prunifolia e M. pumila. Embriões de polinização aberta de M. prunifolia x M. pumila formaram calos. Foi possível identificar a influência do progenitor feminino, pelo incremento de brotações de M. pumila derivada de polinização aberta e dirigida. O cruzamento de espécies responsivas e o uso da técnica de cultura de embrião promoveram germinação rápida e uniforme e, por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento de mudas normais

Genetic variation for carbon isotope composition in Juglans regia L.: relationships with growth, phenology and climate of origin

• Among the traits of breeding interest for the common walnut tree Juglans regia L., characteristics such as timing of budbreak and leaf fall, water-use efficiency and growth performance are regarded as being of utmost relevance in Mediterranean conditions. • The authors evaluated intraspecific variation in $\delta$$^{13}$C (carbon isotope composition, surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency, WUE$_{\rm i}$) for 22 J. regia families grown in a progeny test under supplementary irrigation, and investigated whether such variation correlated with climatic indicators of native habitats. The genetic relationships between $\delta$$^{13}$C, growth and phenology were also assessed during two consecutive years. • Overall, the most water-use-efficient families (i.e. with higher $\delta$$^{13}$C), which originated mainly from drought-prone provenance regions which have a high vapour pressure deficit and low rainfall, exhibited less height growth and smaller DBH. Using a stepwise regression procedure, $\delta$$^{13}$C was included as the main explanatory variable of genotypic variation in growth traits, together with growing season duration (for DBH in both years) and flushing (for height in 2007). • It was concluded that WUE$_{\rm i}$ is largely unconnected to phenology effects in the explanation of growth performance for J. regia, therefore suggesting the opportunity of simultaneously selecting for low WUE$_{\rm i}$ and extended growing period to maximise productivity in non-water-limited environments.Variation génétique de la composition isotopique du carbone chez Juglans regia L.: relations avec la croissance, la phénologie et le climat d'origine. • Parmi les traits d'intérêt pour la sélection de noyer commun Juglans regia, des caractéristiques telles que la précocité de débourrement et la date de chute des feuilles, l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau et la performance de croissance sont considérées comme étant importantes dans les conditions méditerranéennes. • Les auteurs ont évalué la variation intraspécifique de composition isotopique en 13C ($\delta$$^{13}$C, substitut de l'efficience intrinsèque d'utilisation de l'eau, WUE$_{\rm i}$) dans 22 familles de Juglans regia cultivées dans un essai de descendance avec une irrigation d'appoint, et ils ont examiné si la variation était corrélée avec les indicateurs du climat des habitats d'origine. Les relations génétiques entre $\delta$$^{13}$C, croissance et phénologie ont également été évaluées au cours de deux années consécutives. • En général, les familles présentant les plus fortes valeurs de WUE$_{\rm i}$ (c'est-à-dire avec le $\delta$$^{13}$C le plus élevé), qui proviennent essentiellement des régions de provenance à sécheresse élevée et à fort déficit de pression de vapeur et faibles précipitations, présentent une croissance en hauteur moindre et un plus faible diamètre à 1,3 m. En utilisant une procédure de régression par étapes, $\delta$$^{13}$C a été inclus en tant que principale variable explicative de la variation génotypique des caractéristiques de croissance, de concert avec la durée de la saison de croissance (pour le diamètre à 1,3 m) et le débourrement (pour la hauteur en 2007). • Il a été conclu que WUE$_{\rm i}$ est en grande partie sans rapport avec la phénologie dans l'explication de la performance de croissance pour J. regia, suggérant donc la possibilité de sélectionner simultanément pour de faibles niveaux de WUE$_{\rm i}$ et une période de croissance prolongée pour maximiser la productivité dans des environnements où l'eau n'est pas limitante