5 research outputs found
How Short is the Strongest Hydrogen Bond in the Proton-Bound Homodimers of Pyridine Derivatives?
Hydrogen bond geometries in the proton-bound
homodimers of ortho-unsubstituted
and ortho-methylsubstituted pyridine derivatives in aprotic polar
solution were estimated using experimental NMR data. Within the series
of homodimers studied the hydrogen bond lengths depend on the proton
affinity of pyridines andat least for the ortho-methylsubstituted
pyridineson the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> of the conjugate
acids in an approximately quadratic manner. The shortest possible
hydrogen bond in the homodimers of ortho-unsubstituted pyridines is
characterized by the N···N distance of 2.613 Å.
Steric repulsion between the methyl groups of the ortho-methylsubstituted
pyridines becomes operative at an N···N distance of
∼2.7 Å and limits the closest approach to 2.665 Å
Solvent and H/D Isotope Effects on the Proton Transfer Pathways in Heteroconjugated Hydrogen-Bonded Phenol-Carboxylic Acid Anions Observed by Combined UV–vis and NMR Spectroscopy
Heteroconjugated hydrogen-bonded
anions A···H···X<sup>–</sup> of
phenols (AH) and carboxylic/inorganic acids (HX)
dissolved in CD<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> and CDF<sub>3</sub>/CDF<sub>2</sub>Cl have been studied by combined low-temperature UV–vis
and <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy (UVNMR). The systems
constitute small molecular models of hydrogen-bonded cofactors in
proteins such as the photoactive yellow protein (PYP). Thus, the phenols
studied include the PYP cofactor 4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl thioester,
and the more acidic 4-nitrophenol and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol which
mimic electronically excited cofactor states. It is shown that the <sup>13</sup>C chemical shifts of the phenolic residues of A···H···X<sup>–</sup>, referenced to the corresponding values of A···H···A<sup>–</sup>, constitute excellent probes for the average proton
positions. These shifts correlate with those of the H-bonded protons,
as well as with the H/D isotope effects on the <sup>13</sup>C chemical
shifts. A combined analysis of UV–vis and NMR data was employed
to elucidate the proton transfer pathways in a qualitative way. Dual
absorption bands of the phenolic moiety indicate a double-well situation
for the shortest OHO hydrogen bonds studied. Surprisingly, when the
solvent polarity is low the carboxylates are protonated whereas the
proton shifts toward the phenolic oxygens when the polarity is increased.
This finding indicates that because of stronger ion-dipole interactions
small anions are stabilized at high solvent polarity and large anions
exhibiting delocalized charges at low solvent polarities. It also
explains the large acidity difference of phenols and carboxylic acids
in water, and the observation that this difference is strongly reduced
in the interior of proteins when both partners form mutual hydrogen
bonds
NMR Studies of Solid Pentachlorophenol-4-Methylpyridine Complexes Exhibiting Strong OHN Hydrogen Bonds: Geometric H/D Isotope Effects and Hydrogen Bond Coupling Cause Isotopic Polymorphism
We have studied the hydrogen bond interactions of <sup>15</sup>N labeled 4-methylpyridine (4-MP) with pentachlorophenol
(PCP) in
the solid state and in polar solution using various NMR techniques.
Previous spectroscopic, X-ray, and neutron crystallographic studies
showed that the triclinic 1:1 complex (4-MPPCP) exhibits the strongest
known intermolecular OHN hydrogen bond in the solid state. By contrast,
deuteration of the hydrogen bond gives rise to the formation of a
monoclinic structure exhibiting a weaker hydrogen bond. By performing
NMR experiments at different deuterium fractions and taking advantage
of dipolar <sup>1</sup>H–<sup>15</sup>N recoupling under combined
fast MAS and <sup>1</sup>H decoupling, we provide an explanation of
the origin of the isotopic polymorphism of 4-MPPCP and improve previous
chemical shift correlations for OHN hydrogen bonds. Because of anharmonic
ground state vibrations, an ODN hydrogen bond in the triclinic form
exhibits a shorter oxygen–hydron and a longer oxygen–nitrogen
distance as compared to surrounding OHN hydrogen bonds, which also
implies a reduction of the local dipole moment. The dipole–dipole
interaction between adjacent coupled OHN hydrogen bonds which determines
the structure of triclinic 4-MPPCP is then reduced by deuteration,
and other interactions become dominant, leading to the monoclinic
form. Finally, the observation of stronger OHN hydrogen bonds by <sup>1</sup>H NMR in polar solution as compared to the solid state is
discussed
The Mobility of Water Molecules through Hydrated Pores
To achieve a more exact understanding of the water transport
in
natural channels, a series of non-natural structures have been developed.
They have been studied by far-infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear
magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric
analysis, and variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction to examine
the behavior of water at the molecular level. Water in these predominantly
nonpolar pores can be metastable, with filling and emptying occurring
upon changes in solvent conditions. The water contained in these pores
exhibits a dynamics that might be controlled, since it depends on
the structural features of the monomers that form the pore “skeleton”.
We have observed changes in the pore diameter depending on the selected
isomer. This provokes at a given temperature differences in the arrangement
and dynamics of the contained water. The water dynamics increases
with both temperature and pore diameter in a process that is reversible
over a temperature range specific for each structure. Beyond this
particular temperature threshold, the pore water can be irreversibly
evacuated, and at this point a decrease of the dynamics is observed.
The slower dynamics of the remaining water in partially evacuated
pores is probably due to the increased interaction with the inner-pore
surface owing to a concomitant narrowing of the pore. These findings
not only highlight the need for the presence of freely moving water
inside the pore to sustain its permeability by water, but also point
to the decrease in the dynamics of the remaining water in partially
evacuated pores