Computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial radiology

Computed tomography (CT) is today commonly used in imaging of the maxillofacial area. Conventional CT examinations are usually performed in medical X-ray departments. However, a relatively new technique named cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or digital volume tomography (DVT) has now also become available for dental purposes. The advantage with this technique is a lower radiation dose compared to conventional CT. Common examples when DVT is used are; for diagnosing the position of impacted canines and suspected root resorption of the adjacent lateral incisor, preoperative planning of implant treatment and examination of periapical areas when intraoral radiography has given uncertain information. Conventional CT is used for examination of larger areas in diagnosing e.g. facial anomalies, extensive traumata and tumours

Datortomografi inom odontologisk radiologi

Datortomografi används ofta vid odontologiska röntgenundersökningar. Konventionell datortomografi introducerades år 1972 och nu finns datortomografer vid alla medicinska röntgenavdelningar. Digital volymtomografi är en typ av datortomografi som sedan slutet av 1990-talet kommit till stor användning vid odontologiska undersökningar. Konventionell datortomografi ger höga stråldoser men med volymtomografi kan stråldosen reduceras väsentligt. Konventionell datortomografi används vid utredning av ansiktstraumata och tumörer medan volymtomografi vanligen används vid undersökning av tänder och käkar

Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Evaluations of Some Side Effects of Orthodontic Treatment

In the late 1990s a new imaging modality, Cone Beam CT (CBCT) that enables high quality three-dimensional imaging at lower doses than Computed Tomography (CT), was introduced in dento-maxillofacial imaging. In 2005 the Swedish Council on Health Technology Assessment (SBU), in a review of scientific articles on Malocclusions and Orthodontic Treatment in a Health Perspective, found low or contradictive evidence for an association between orthodontic treatment and risks for negative side effects. It was apparent that some of the issues raised only could be addressed by the use of a radiographic technique enabling three-dimensional imaging with high accuracy and reproducibility. A new medical technology needs to be evaluated before implemented in research. This was the aim of two initial studies that, in vitro, examined the accuracy and precision in CBCT imaging using a Plexglas® object and a dry human skull and, in vivo, assessed its reproducibility in 13 patients. The results showed small differences between actual values and those obtained from measurements in CBCT tomograms and high reproducibility in measurements of root lengths and marginal bone levels. A prospective radiographic study aimed to investigate root resorption and marginal bone level alterations during orthodontic treatment was conducted on 152 adolescent patients with a common type of malocclusion. CBCT examinations were made before (Baseline) and after treatment (Endpoint) and, in a randomly chosen group of 97 patients, six months after treatment initiation. Root lengths, from those of incisors to those of first molars, and the marginal bone height at root surfaces around the teeth were measured in multiplanar reconstructed tomograms. The results showed that 95% of the patients had at least one tooth with a root resorption >1mm. Maxillary lateral incisors and premolars were most often affected and showed the most severe resorptions. Resorptions were also found at buccal and palatal root surfaces, only accessible with a tomographic technique. Jaw, tooth group, and root length at the six-month examination were significantly associated with the degree of root resorption at Endpoint. Before treatment start, large differences in marginal bone height were found, particularly between tooth surfaces. At the end of treatment large changes in bone height among teeth and tooth surfaces could be seen. The largest changes were found at lingual and buccal surfaces, that is, surfaces that cannot be evaluated in conventional radiographs. In contrast, proximal surfaces at posterior teeth, hitherto subjected to most research, showed only small changes. The decrease of marginal bone height was larger in the mandible than in the maxilla and larger in girls than in boys, with respect to palatal/lingual surfaces. A high quality CBCT technique is well suited for research on root resorption and marginal bone level changes during orthodontic treatment as it provides access to anatomic structures that cannot be evaluated in conventional radiographs, high measurement accuracy and precision, and possibilities to reconstruct images to compensate for changes in tooth/root positions that occur during orthodontic treatment