Measurement of orbital asymmetry and strain in Co90Fe10/Ni multilayers and alloys: Origins of perpendicular anisotropy

We use broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction to investigate the fundamental origin of perpendicular anisotropy in Co90Fe10/Ni multilayers. By careful evaluation of the spectroscopic g-factor, we determine the orbital moment along the out-of-plane and in-plane directions. For the multilayers, we find a direct relationship between the orbital moment asymmetry and the perpendicular anisotropy, consistent with the theory of Bruno [P.Bruno, Phys. Rev. B, 39, 865 (1989)]. A systematic x-ray diffraction study revealed the presence of a trigonal strain as high as 0.7 % in some samples. However, we found no direct correlation between the strain and the anisotropy, indicating that the anisotropy is not dominated by magnetoelastic effects. In order to further study the interface structure on the anisotropy, we prepared a set of equivalent alloy samples. The strain in the alloy samples was comparable to that of the multilayer samples; however the orbital moment asymmetry in the alloy samples showed a very different trend allowing us to isolate the effect of the interfaces in the multilayers.Comment: In press at Physical Review

Mode- and size-dependent Landau-Lifshitz damping in magnetic nanostructures: Evidence for non-local damping

We demonstrate a strong dependence of the effective damping on the nanomagnet size and the particular spin-wave mode that can be explained by the theory of intralayer transverse-spin-pumping. The effective Landau-Lifshitz damping is measured optically in individual, isolated nanomagnets as small as 100 nm. The measurements are accomplished by use of a novel heterodyne magneto-optical microwave microscope with unprecedented sensitivity. Experimental data reveal multiple standing spin-wave modes that we identify by use of micromagnetic modeling as having either localized or delocalized character, described generically as end- and center-modes. The damping parameter of the two modes depends on both the size of the nanomagnet as well as the particular spin-wave mode that is excited, with values that are enhanced by as much as 40% relative to that measured for an extended film. Contrary to expectations based on the ad hoc consideration of lithography-induced edge damage, the damping for the end-mode decreases as the size of the nanomagnet decreases. The data agree with the theory for damping caused by the flow of intralayer transverse spin-currents driven by the magnetization curvature. These results have serious implications for the performance of nanoscale spintronic devices such as spin-torque-transfer magnetic random access memory.Comment: The manuscript is published in Physical Review Letters. We revised the manuscript to meet the length requiremen

Detection of the dc inverse spin Hall effect due to spin pumping in a novel meander-stripline geometry

The dc voltage obtained from the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE) due to spin pumping in ferromagnet/normal-metal (NM) bilayers can be unintentionally superimposed with magnetoresistive rectification of ac charge currents in the ferromagnetic layer. We introduce a geometry in which these spurious rectification voltages vanish while the iSHE voltage is maximized. In this geometry, a quantitative study of the dc iSHE is performed in a broad frequency range for Permalloy/NM multilayers with NM={Pt, Ta, Cu/Au, Cu/Pt}. The experimentally recorded voltages can be fully ascribed to the iSHE due to spin pumping. Furthermore we measure a small iSHE voltage in single CoFe thin films

Comment on "Detection of Microwave Spin Pumping Using the Inverse Spin Hall Effect"

A Comment on Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 217204 (2013), "Detection of Microwave Spin Pumping Using the Inverse Spin Hall Effect

Phase-sensitive detection of spin pumping via the ac inverse spin Hall effect

An intriguing feature of spintronics is the use of pure spin-currents to manipulate magnetization, e.g., spin-currents can switch magnetization in spin-torque MRAM, a next-generation DRAM alternative. Giant spin-currents via the spin Hall effect greatly expand the technological opportunities. Conversely, a ferromagnet/normal metal junction emits spin-currents under microwave excitation, i.e. spin-pumping. While such spin-currents are modulated at the excitation frequency, there is also a non-linear, rectified component that is commonly detected using the corresponding inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE) dc voltage. However, the ac component should be more conducive for quantitative analysis, as it is up to two orders of magnitude larger and linear. But any device that uses the ac iSHE is also sensitive to inductive signals via Faraday's Law and discrimination of the ac iSHE signal must rely on phase-sensitive measurements. We use the inductive signal as a reference for a quantitative measurement of the magnitude and phase of the ac iSHE

Suppression of Spin Pumping Between Ni80_{80}Fe20_{20} and Cu by a Graphene Interlayer

We compare ferromagnetic resonance measurements of Permalloy Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ (Py) films sputtered onto Cu(111) films with and without a graphene (Gr) interlayer grown by chemical vapor deposition before Py deposition. A two-angle sputtering method ensured that neither Gr nor Py was degraded by the sample preparation process. We find the expected damping enhancement from spin pumping for the Py/Cu case and no detectable enhancement for the Py/Gr/Cu case. Since damping is sensitive to effects other than spin pumping, we used magnetometry to verify that differences in Py magnetostatic properties are not responsible for the difference in damping. We attribute the suppression of spin pumping in Py/Gr/Cu to the large contact resistance of the Gr/Cu interface

Determination of spin Hall effect and spin diffusion length of Pt from self-consistent fitting of damping enhancement and inverse spin-orbit torque measurements

Understanding the evolution of spin-orbit torque (SOT) with increasing heavy-metal thickness in ferromagnet/normal metal (FM/NM) bilayers is critical for the development of magnetic memory based on SOT. However, several experiments have revealed an apparent discrepancy between damping enhancement and damping-like SOT regarding their dependence on NM thickness. Here, using linewidth and phase-resolved amplitude analysis of vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance (VNA-FMR) measurements, we simultaneously extract damping enhancement and both field-like and damping-like inverse SOT in Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$/Pt bilayers as a function of Pt thickness. By enforcing an interpretation of the data which satisfies Onsager reciprocity, we find that both the damping enhancement and damping-like inverse SOT can be described by a single spin diffusion length ($\approx$ 4 nm), and that we can separate the spin pumping and spin memory loss (SML) contributions to the total damping. This analysis indicates that less than 40% of the angular momentum pumped by FMR through the Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$/Pt interface is transported as spin current into the Pt. On account of the SML and corresponding reduction in total spin current available for spin-charge transduction in the Pt, we determine the Pt spin Hall conductivity ($\sigma_\mathrm{SH} = (2.36 \pm 0.04)\times10^6 \Omega^{-1} \mathrm{m}^{-1}$) and bulk spin Hall angle ($\theta_\mathrm{SH}=0.387 \pm0.008$) to be larger than commonly-cited values. These results suggest that Pt can be an extremely useful source of SOT if the FM/NM interface can be engineered to minimize SML. Lastly, we find that self-consistent fitting of the damping and SOT data is best achieved by a model with Elliott-Yafet spin relaxation and extrinsic inverse spin Hall effect, such that both the spin diffusion length and spin Hall conductivity are proportional to the Pt charge conductivity

Radiative damping in wave guide based FMR measured via analysis of perpendicular standing spin waves in sputtered Permalloy films

The damping $\alpha$ of the spinwave resonances in 75 nm, 120 nm, and 200nm -thick Permalloy films is measured via vector-network-analyzer ferromagnetic-resonance (VNA-FMR) in the out-of-plane geometry. Inductive coupling between the sample and the waveguide leads to an additional radiative damping term. The radiative contribution to the over-all damping is determined by measuring perpendicular standing spin waves (PSSWs) in the Permalloy films, and the results are compared to a simple analytical model. The damping of the PSSWs can be fully explained by three contributions to the damping: The intrinsic damping, the eddy-current damping, and the radiative damping. No other contributions were observed. Furthermore, a method to determine the radiative damping in FMR measurements with a single resonance is suggested

Precise determination of the spectroscopic g-factor using broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy

We demonstrate that the spectroscopic g-factor can be determined with high precision and accuracy by broadband ferromagnetic resonance measurements and applying an asymptotic analysis to the data. Spectroscopic data used to determine the g-factor is always obtained over a finite range of frequencies, which can result in significant errors in the fitted values of the spectroscopic g-factor. We show that by applying an asymptotic analysis to broadband datasets, precise values of the intrinsic g-factor can be determined with errors well below 1 %, even when the exact form of the Kittel equation (which describes the relationship between the frequency and resonance field) is unknown. We demonstrate this methodology with measured data obtained for sputtered Ni80Fe20 ("Permalloy") thin films of varied thicknesses, where we determine the bulk g-factor value to be 2.109 +/- 0.003. Such an approach is further validated by application to simulated data that includes both noise and an anisotropy that is not included in the Kittel equation that was used in the analysis. Finally, we show a correlation of thickness and interface structure to the magnitude of the asymptotic behavior, which provide insight into additional mechanisms that may induce deviations from the Kittel equation.Comment: Submitted to Journal of Applied Physic

Co25Fe75\text{Co}_{25}\text{Fe}_{75} Thin Films with Ultralow Total Damping

We measure the dynamic properties of $\text{Co}_{25}\text{Fe}_{75}$ thin films grown by dc magnetron sputtering. Using ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate an ultralow total damping parameter in the out-of-plane configuration of < 0.0013, whereas for the in-plane configuration we find a minimum total damping of < 0.0020. In both cases, we observe low inhomogeneous linewidth broadening in macroscopic films. We observe a minimum full-width half-maximum linewidth of 1 mT at 10 GHz resonance frequency for a 12 nm thick film. We characterize the morphology and structure of these films as a function of seed layer combinations and find large variation of the qualitative behavior of the in-plane linewidth vs. resonance frequency. Finally, we use wavevector-dependent Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy to characterize the spin-wave dispersion at wave vectors up to 23 $\mu \text{m}^{-1}$.Comment: v