Male versus female mortality. Baseline characteristics and adjusted hazard ratios for male versus female mortality, by cohort.

<p>Adjusted for baseline age, CD4+ cell count, WHO stage, anaemia, weight, and viral load. Male versus female is reported as M∶F.</p

Male versus female mortality ratios over time.

<p>Solid line, observed mortality ratio for men versus women on ART. Dotted line, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality ratio for men versus women in South Africa.</p

Observed crude mortality^a, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality^a, and expected non-HIV mortality as a percentage of observed mortality among men and women, by duration on ART.

<p>Observed crude mortality^a, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality^a, and expected non-HIV mortality as a percentage of observed mortality among men and women, by duration on ART.</p

Patient characteristics among 46,201 adults initiating public-sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.

a<p>All differences between men and women were statistically significant (<i>p</i><0.001).</p>b<p><i>n</i> (%) reflects the number (percentage) of patients with values for this variable.</p>c<p>Data from five cohorts.</p

Virologic and immunologic responses by gender and duration on ART.

a<p>Proportion suppressed is the proportion of patients with available data who achieved a viral load ≤400 copies/ml.</p>b<p>Median CD4+ cell count increase is the difference in CD4+ cell count at each time point between this measure and the measure taken at the previous time point; all differences between men and women were statistically significant, <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Crude and adjusted associations between male gender and mortality by duration on ART.

<p>Multivariable models adjusted for cohort, age, CD4+ cell count, WHO stage, anaemia, weight, and log viral load at ART initiation. 95% CI in brackets after HR and AHR.</p

Patient flowchart. Description of a combined cohort of adult patients initiating public sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.

<p>Patient flowchart. Description of a combined cohort of adult patients initiating public sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.</p

Mortality by gender and ART duration.

<p>Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality by gender and duration on ART, corrected via linkage to the National Population Register.</p

Sensitivity analysis of life expectancies.

<p>95% confidence intervals are shown in brackets. Main analysis includes all patients with CD4 measurements at time of ART initiation. Life expectancies in the main analysis are calculated from the time of ART initiation, using the relative survival method. All calculations are standardised to the baseline CD4 distribution in <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001418#pmed-1001418-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p>a<p>CD4 values were imputed for 6,156 (14.0%) eligible adults starting ART.</p

Life expectancies of patients with recorded ID, starting ART after 2006.

<p>Life expectancies are plotted by age at ART initiation and baseline CD4 count, for men (A) and women (B). Bars represent means, and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p