2,715 research outputs found
Spontaneous Reductive Elimination at Iridium(III) Induced by the Strong ÏâAcceptor Ligand Trifluorophosphane
The reaction of the cyclometalated fiveâcoordinate 16 VE iridium(III) compound [IrCl(H)(P(tBu)2C6H4âÎș2P,C)(P(tBu)2Ph)] (1) with the strong Ïâacceptor ligand trifluorophosphane resulted quickly in the quantitative formation of the new iridium(I) complex transâ[IrCl(PF3)(P(tBu)2Ph)2] (2). This unexpected spontaneous reductive elimination was already observed in reactions of 1 with the very strong Ïâacceptor ligands CO and NO+. First indications during reactions of 1 with lesser strong Ïâacceptor ligands like alkyl or arylphosphanes did not show this inversion behavior of the cyclometalation. The title species 2 was characterized by spectroscopic methods and its molecular structure in the crystal was confirmed by Xâray crystallography
FabricCRDT: A Conflict-Free Replicated Datatypes Approach to Permissioned Blockchains
With the increased adaption of blockchain technologies, permissioned
blockchains such as Hyperledger Fabric provide a robust ecosystem for
developing production-grade decentralized applications. However, the additional
latency between executing and committing transactions, due to Fabric's
three-phase transaction lifecycle of Execute-Order-Validate (EOV), is a
potential scalability bottleneck. The added latency increases the probability
of concurrent updates on the same keys by different transactions, leading to
transaction failures caused by Fabric's concurrency control mechanism. The
transaction failures increase the application development complexity and
decrease Fabric's throughput. Conflict-free Replicated Datatypes (CRDTs)
provide a solution for merging and resolving conflicts in the presence of
concurrent updates. In this work, we introduce FabricCRDT, an approach for
integrating CRDTs to Fabric. Our evaluations show that in general, FabricCRDT
offers higher throughput of successful transactions than Fabric, while
successfully committing and merging all conflicting transactions without any
failures.Comment: In Proceedings of the 20th International Middleware Conference
(Middleware '19). ACM 201
Wie arbeiten SchĂŒler in den naturwissenschaftlichen FĂ€chern ? : Lernforschung in der Schule und im SchĂŒlerlabor Biologie als Grundlage zukĂŒnftiger Schulentwicklung
Wissenschaftsmethodische Kompetenzen und ein wissenschaftstheoretisches
VerstÀndnis der Naturwissenschaften
sind Teil einer naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung.
Ob SchĂŒlerinnen und SchĂŒler diese Kompetenzen bis
zum Ende ihrer Schullaufbahn ĂŒberhaupt entwickeln ist
aber weitgehend unbekannt. Am Institut fĂŒr Biologiedidaktik
arbeitet seit 2001 die Arbeitsgruppe ÂWissenschaftliche
Arbeitsweisen im Biologieunterricht an dem
Ziel, aus der Sicht der Fachdidaktik Biologie grundlegende
Variablen des naturwissenschaftlichen Arbeitsprozesses
bei SchĂŒlern zu identifizieren, modellhaft abzubilden
und theoretisch zu fassen. Ein wichtiges Instrument
war dabei  neben der Feldforschung  die
Einrichtung eines SchĂŒler-Labors zur Erforschung von
SchĂŒlergruppen unter standardisierten Bedingungen
OrderlessChain: Do Permissioned Blockchains Need Total Global Order of Transactions?
Existing permissioned blockchains often rely on coordination-based consensus
protocols to ensure the safe execution of applications in a Byzantine
environment. Furthermore, these protocols serialize the transactions by
ordering them into a total global order. The serializability preserves the
correctness of the application's state stored on the blockchain. However, using
coordination-based protocols to attain the global order of transactions can
limit the throughput and induce high latency. In contrast, application-level
correctness requirements exist that are not dependent on the order of
transactions, known as invariant-confluence (I-confluence). The I-confluent
applications can execute in a coordination-free manner benefiting from the
improved performance compared to the coordination-based approaches. The safety
and liveness of I-confluent applications are studied in non-Byzantine
environments, but the correct execution of such applications remains a
challenge in Byzantine coordination-free environments. This work introduces
OrderlessChain, a coordination-free permissioned blockchain for the safe and
live execution of I-confluent applications in a Byzantine environment. We
implemented a prototype of our system, and our evaluation results demonstrate
that our coordination-free approach performs better than coordination-based
blockchains
Reactivity of Cyanide and Thiocyanate Towards the Nitrosyl Carbonyl [Co(CO)3(NO)]
The reaction of equimolar amounts of [Co(CO)3(NO)] and [PPN]CN, PPN+ = (PPh3)2N+, in THF at room temperature resulted in ligand substitution of a carbonyl towards the cyanido ligand presumably affording the complex salt PPN[Co(CO)2(NO)(CN)] as a reactive intermediate species which could not be isolated. Applying the synthetic protocol using the nitrosyl carbonyl in excess, the title reaction afforded unexpectedly the novel complex salt PPN[Co2(ÎŒâCN)(CO)4(NO)2] (1) in high yield. Because of many disorder phenomena in crystals of 1 the corresponding NBu4+ salt of 1 has been prepared and the molecular structure of the dinuclear metal core in NnBu4[Co2(ÎŒâCN)(CO)4(NO)2] (2) was determined by Xâray crystal diffraction in a more satisfactory manner. In contrast to the former result, the reaction of [PPN]SCN with [Co(CO)3(NO)] yielded the mononuclear complex salt PPN[Co(CO)2(NO)(SCNâÎșN)] (3) in good yield whose molecular structure in the solid was even determined and its composition additionally confirmed by spectroscopic means
MANAGERS AND COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGY: A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Over the last years managers have expanded their role in operations and nowadays they make decisions faster than in the past. Collaboration technology promises to support managers in doing so. Hence, the present situation is favorable for a redesign of management support systems (MSS) incorporating collaboration technology. To examine such technology, we consider analyst - and consumer -type managersÂŽ perspectives and cover collaboration technology for different devices. Based on findings from a literature review and arguments validated in structured manager interviews, we propose four initial design guidelines facilitating collaboration for managers: (1) Coordination: MSS should indicate the availability of other users, send read confirmations, and provide document sharing. (2) Communication: MSS should enable on-topic annotations and sending them to other users at the push of a button. (3) Cooperation: MSS should provide a comprehensive managerial self-service search function. (4) Devices: For shared documents and textual annotations tablets have become managers most wanted smart device type
The Evolution of Distributed Systems for Graph Neural Networks and their Origin in Graph Processing and Deep Learning: A Survey
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are an emerging research field. This specialized
Deep Neural Network (DNN) architecture is capable of processing graph
structured data and bridges the gap between graph processing and Deep Learning
(DL). As graphs are everywhere, GNNs can be applied to various domains
including recommendation systems, computer vision, natural language processing,
biology and chemistry. With the rapid growing size of real world graphs, the
need for efficient and scalable GNN training solutions has come. Consequently,
many works proposing GNN systems have emerged throughout the past few years.
However, there is an acute lack of overview, categorization and comparison of
such systems. We aim to fill this gap by summarizing and categorizing important
methods and techniques for large-scale GNN solutions. In addition, we establish
connections between GNN systems, graph processing systems and DL systems.Comment: Accepted at ACM Computing Survey
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