Protocol.

<p>Patients arrived at 07.30 after an 11 hour fast. The patients spent 25 hours in total in the chamber for indirect calorimetry.</p

Energy expenditure and respiratory quotient.

<p>Energy expenditure and respiratory quotient for gastric bypass (n = 7) and VBG patients (n = 7) 9.4 years after surgery.</p><p>Energy expenditure are analyzed s cal/min/kg total tissue. 24 hour values for GBP and VBG patients were calculated after the 165 minutes post physical activity was excluded. Values are mean (confidence interval).</p

Biochemical variables.

<p>Biochemical variables in gastric bypass (n = 7) and VBG (n = 7) patients. Area under the curve (AUC) values of GLP-1 and PYY were calculated using fasting and following a standard 400 kcal meal samples over a 150 minutes period where samples were obtained every 30 minutes. Values are mean (confidence interval).</p

Demographics and body composition.

<p>Demographics and body composition in gastric bypass (n = 7) and VBG (n = 7) patients before and 9.4 years after surgery. Values are mean (confidence interval).</p

Energy expenditure during dinner intake.

<p>Mean energy expenditure (cal⋅min-¹⋅kg-¹) one hour before dinner and two hours after dinner started. The duration of the meal is also shown as median and range.</p

Six female subjects assessed for energy expenditure during and after a 600 kcal standard meal intake, from 18:00 to 21:00h.

<p>Time for food intake was standardized to 20 minutes. Assessments were performed before, visit 1, and at weight stability 20 months after, visit 4, gastric bypass surgery. Data are presented as MAT; energy expenditure exceeding BMR and NEAT adjusted for total tissue; mean cal/min/kg.</p

Weight reduction independent changes from baseline after GBP and VBG/B at the 2 year follow up (multiple linear regression analyses).

a<p><b>:</b> Unadjusted difference between year 2 and baseline within each group. Minus signs denote reductions. Means (±SD) ^bDifference between year 2 and baseline within each group after adjustment for change in body mass index (BMI), sex, age, baseline BMI and the baseline level of the respective variables. Minus signs denote reductions. Mean values.</p>b<p><b>:</b> Difference between year 2 and baseline after adjustment for change in body mass index (BMI), sex, age, baseline BMI and the baseline level of the respective variables. Minus signs denote reductions. Mean values.</p>c<p>: Difference between gastric bypass surgery (GBP) and pure restrictive bariatric surgery (VBG/B) after adjustment for BMI change, sex, age, baseline BMI and the baseline level of the respective variables. Minus signs denote larger reductions in GBP compared to VBG/B group. Figures between brackets denote 95% confidence interval.</p>#<p>Daily salt intake was calculated by multiplying urinary sodium values by 0.0585 (molecular weight of NaCl: 58.5).</p>*<p>P<0.05,</p>**<p>P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 for test of difference between the GBP group and the VBG/B group in adjusted changes, using multiple linear regression.</p

Diurnal urinary excretion of sodium after different types of bariatric surgery.

<p>Diurnal urinary excretion of sodium (U-Na⁺) in absolute values (upper panel) and in relation to body weight (lower panel) after gastric bypass surgery (GBP), after pure restrictive bariatric surgery (VBG/B) and in non-operated obese controls. Changes from baseline (Δ) at the 2 y and 10 y follow-up visits are displayed. Data are mean values adjusted for sex, age, baseline BMI and the baseline level of the respective variables. The bars represent the 95% confidence intervals. Differences between groups (upper panel) are given as mean (95% confidence intervals). ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

Diurnal urinary output after different types of bariatric surgery.

<p>Diurnal urinary output (U-Volume) in absolute values (upper panel) and in relation to body weight (lower panel) after gastric bypass surgery (GBP), after pure restrictive bariatric surgery (VBG/B) and in non-operated obese controls. Changes from baseline (Δ) at the 2 y and 10 y follow-up visits are displayed. Data are mean values adjusted for sex, age, baseline BMI and the baseline level of the respective variables. The bars represent the 95% confidence intervals. Differences between groups (upper panel) are given as mean (95% confidence intervals).*<i>P</i><0.01 and ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

Total physical activity during awake time and during night time analyzed by three-axial accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X+) in six female subjects before and during weight loss (10 days and 3 months postoperatively) and at weight stability 20 months after gastric bypass surgery.

<p>*; significant difference to visit 1; * = p<0.05. ¤; significant difference to visit 3; ¤ = p<0.05.</p