Whole blood TDP and thiamine, TMP and total thiamine in breast-milk of women with a low (<63%) compared to those with a high (≥63%) TMP to total thiamine ratio ^1–3.

1<p>WB TDP, whole blood thiamine diphosphate.</p>2<p>TMP, thiamine monophosphate.</p>3<p>Total thiamine, sum of thiamine and TMP.</p

Characteristics of the study population, whole blood TDP and breast-milk thiamine at 12 weeks post partum ^1–6.

1<p>Median (interquartile range), all such values.</p>2<p>Days of provided thiamine mononitrate (daily 100 mg).</p>3<p>Mean and standard deviation, all such values.</p>4<p>TDP/Hb, thiamine diphosphate per hemoglobin.</p>5<p>Geometric mean (95% confidence interval), all such values.</p>6<p>Total thiamine, sum of thiamine and thiamine monophosphate (TMP).</p

Thiamine and thiamine monophosphate (TMP) in breast-milk by quartiles of whole blood thiamine diphosphate (TDP).

<p>Thiamine and thiamine monophosphate (TMP) in breast-milk by quartiles of whole blood thiamine diphosphate (TDP).</p

Risk factors for deficient breast-milk total thiamine (<300 nmol/L; n = 26/636) and low whole blood TDP (<65 nmol/L; n = 31/636)^1–3.

1<p>Total thiamine, sum of TMP and thiamine.</p>2<p>WB TDP, whole blood thiamine diphosphate.</p>3<p>TMP, thiamine monophosphate.</p

Multivariate linear regression analysis on TDP in whole blood and thiamine, TMP, and total thiamine in breast-milk, <i>N</i> = 636^1–6.

1<p>Independent predictors are listed in the order they were entered in the forward models.</p>2<p>Indicates the increase in outcome per unit increase in risk factor.</p>3<p>WB TDP, whole blood thiamine diphosphate.</p>4<p>SR, Square root.</p>5<p>TMP, thiamine monophosphate.</p>6<p>Total thiamine, sum of thiamine and TMP.</p

Item fit statistics of the PHQ-9 questionnaire using the Rasch analysis.

<p>Item fit statistics of the PHQ-9 questionnaire using the Rasch analysis.</p

Summary of 201 measured (non-extreme) person and 9 measured (non-extreme) item.

<p>Summary of 201 measured (non-extreme) person and 9 measured (non-extreme) item.</p

Principal component analysis of standardized residual correlations for items (in eigenvalue units).

<p>Principal component analysis of standardized residual correlations for items (in eigenvalue units).</p

Social determinants of adult mortality from non-communicable diseases in northern Ethiopia, 2009-2015: Evidence from health and demographic surveillance site

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>In developing countries, mortality and disability from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising considerably. The effect of social determinants of NCDs-attributed mortality, from the context of developing countries, is poorly understood. This study examines the burden and socio-economic determinants of adult mortality attributed to NCDs in eastern Tigray, Ethiopia.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We followed 45,982 adults implementing a community based dynamic cohort design recording mortality events from September 2009 to April 2015. A physician review based Verbal autopsy was used to identify the most probable causes of death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to identify social determinants of NCD mortality.</p><p>Results</p><p>Across the 193,758.7 person-years, we recorded 1,091 adult deaths. Compared to communicable diseases, NCDs accounted for a slightly higher proportion of adult deaths; 33% vs 34.5% respectively. The incidence density rate (IDR) of NCD attributed mortality was 194.1 deaths (IDR = 194.1; 95% CI = 175.4, 214.7) per 100,000 person-years. One hundred fifty-seven (41.8%), 68 (18.1%) and 34 (9%) of the 376 NCD deaths were due to cardiovascular disease, cancer and renal failure, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, age per 5-year increase (HR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.41), and extended family and non-family household members (HR = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.05, 3.98) compared to household heads were associated with a significantly increased hazard of NCD mortality. Although the difference was not statistically significant, compared to poor adults, those who were wealthy had a 15% (HR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.11) lower hazard of mortality from NCDs. On the other hand, literate adults (HR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.9) had a significantly decreased hazard of NCD attributed mortality compared to those adults who were unable to read and write. The effect of literacy was modified by age and its effect reduced by 18% for every 5-year increase of age among literate adults.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In summary, the study indicates that double mortality burden from both NCDs and communicable diseases was evident in northern rural Ethiopia. Public health intervention measures that prioritise disadvantaged NCD patients such as those who are unable to read and write, the elders, the extended family and non-family household co-residents could significantly reduce NCD mortality among the adult population.</p></div

Item fit statistics of the PHQ-9 questionnaire using the Rasch analysis.

<p>Item fit statistics of the PHQ-9 questionnaire using the Rasch analysis.</p