Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster

A wide variety of enzymatic pathways that produce specialized metabolites in bacteria, fungi and plants are known to be encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters. Information about these clusters, pathways and metabolites is currently dispersed throughout the literature, making it difficult to exploit. To facilitate consistent and systematic deposition and retrieval of data on biosynthetic gene clusters, we propose the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog

Rare decays : experiments

The experimental status of generation number violating muon and kaon decays is reviewed. We concentrate on three experiments with a large PSI contribution, neutrinoless muon-electron conversion, muonium-antimuonium conversion and the decay K+ --> pi+mu(e). The SINDRUM II experiment at PSI searches for the coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in titanium. The design and construction of the SINDRUM II detector and the results of the first data-taking period in 89 are presented. In total 3.2 million events have been analyzed and no candidate for the process mu-Ti --> e-Ti has been found. Using two independent determinations of the total number of muon stops an upper limit of B(mue) pi+mue by a factor 70 to 3 x 10(-12)

Association of trochlear dysplasia with degenerative abnormalities in the knee: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

ObjectiveTo evaluate trochlear morphology as a potential risk factor for patellofemoral osteoarthritis, determined by morphological and quantitative measurements of cartilage degeneration using 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee.Materials and methodsMRI of the right knees of 304 randomly selected subjects, aged 45-60 years, from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) progression cohort were screened for trochlear dysplasia, defined by an abnormal trochlear depth. Out of 304 subjects, n = 85 demonstrated a shallow trochlea (depth ≤3 mm; 28 %). In these, and also in a random sample of controls with normal trochlear depth (n = 50), the facet ratio and the sulcus angle were calculated and knee structural abnormalities were assessed by using a modified Whole Organ MR Imaging Score (WORMS). Cartilage segmentation was performed and T2 relaxation times and patellar cartilage volume were determined. ANOVA and multivariate regression models were used for statistical analysis of the association of MRI structural measures and trochlear morphology.ResultsKnees with a shallow trochlea showed higher patellofemoral degeneration (WORMS mean ± standard deviation, 11.2 ± 0.5 versus 5.7 ± 0.6; multivariate regression, P < 0.001) and lower patellar cartilage volume than controls (900 ± 664 mm(3) versus 1,671 ± 671 mm(3); P < 0.001). Knees with an abnormal medial-to-lateral facet ratio (<0.4) showed increased patellofemoral WORMS scores (12.3 ± 0.9 versus 8.3 ± 0.5; P < 0.001). Knees with an abnormal sulcus angle (>170°) also showed increased WORMS scores (12.2 ± 1.1 versus 8.6 ± 0.6; P = 0.003). T2 values at the patella were significantly lower in the dysplasia group with a shallow trochlea. However, significance was lost after adjustment for cartilage volume (P = 0.673).ConclusionTrochlear dysplasia, defined by a shallow trochlea, was associated with higher WORMS scores and lower cartilage volume, indicating more advanced osteoarthritis at the patellofemoral joint

Kurzinformation ueber Modellprojekte schulische Betreuung der Kinder von Einwanderern und Interkulturelle Erziehung

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