Pathophysiology of acute intermittent porphyria

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Commonalities in differential gene expression following treatment of TM4 Sertoli cells for 48 hours.

<p>Left panel: Venn diagram of distinct and common genes between DINCH, MEHP and DOM treatment groups (10^-4M) with changes in expression greater than 1.5 fold. Right panel: Table showing 13 genes common to the three treatments and the fold changes in response to treatment.</p

Cell viability following 48hr treatment.

<p>Values are expressed as a ratio of either 0.4% or 1.0% DMSO control (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138421#pone.0138421.s001" target="_blank">S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138421#pone.0138421.s002" target="_blank">S2</a> Figs). Viability was measured by the colorimetric MTT assay using concentrations of 10^-8, 10^-7, 10^-6, 10^-5, 10^-4M (lightest to darkest bars) in (a) TM4, (b) MSC-1, (c) 15P-1 immortalized Sertoli cell lines. * = p≤0.05; ** = p≤0.01; **** = p ≤ 0.0001; n = 3–5 plated in triplicate.</p

Pathway Analysis of 10-4M DINCH gene expression in TM4 cells¹.

<p>^<b>1</b> See footnote to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138421#pone.0138421.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for explanation of column headings</p><p>Pathway Analysis of 10-4M DINCH gene expression in TM4 cells<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138421#t003fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p

The number of uniquely mapped genes significantly changed following 48hr treatment of TM4 Sertoli cells.

<p>Saturated color (inner bar) indicates unique mapped genes that were significantly changed by >2.0 fold determined by moderated t-test and Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (P>0.05) while lighter bars represent genes that were changed by > 1.5 fold with the same statistical criteria.</p

Gene expression quantification by qPCR for selected transcripts after treatment of TM4 cells with 10^-4M plasticizers.

<p>Values are normalized to the DMSO control sample which was set to 1. Graphs have been organized by the magnitude of the scale of the axis. Significance was determined by one-way ANOVA corrected by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. n = 4–5 biological replicates plated in triplicate. * P<0.05</p

Chemical structures.

<p>The phthalate plasticizer DEHP (a) and its main bioactive metabolite MEHP (b), a current commercial replacement DINCH (c), and three alternative plasticizers: DOS (d), BDB (e), and DOM (f).</p

Greener Methodology: An Aldol Condensation of an Unprotected C‑Glycoside with Solid Base Catalysts

The development of a new enamine-solid-base-catalyzed (ESBC) methodology for the aldol condensation reaction is reported. Solid base catalysts [nonactivated and activated magnesium oxide (MgO and MgO_act) and calcium oxide (CaO and CaO_act), a hydrotalcite (HT), and a porous metal oxide (PMO)] were investigated as safer and greener alternatives to previously reported catalytic systems. Multiple reaction parameters (temperature, solvent, time, and catalyst loading) were investigated todetermine optimal conditions for the practitioner to employ in the synthesis of C-glycosides. The optimized reaction conditions provided highly functionalized (<i>E</i>)­α,β-unsaturated ketones from unprotected C-glycosides in good to excellent yields. Moreover, the ESBC methodology is applicable to a wide range of aromatic aldehydes that feature electron-rich and electron-poor moieties, as well as sterically bulky groups. Lastly, the recyclability of the MgO catalyst was demonstrated

Mass change of the e-liquid after 20 puffs as well as amount of condensate found inside of the mouthpiece, the mass, and resulting concentration (μg/mg) of sucralose found in the trapped vapor and the mouthpiece condensate.

<p>Mass change of the e-liquid after 20 puffs as well as amount of condensate found inside of the mouthpiece, the mass, and resulting concentration (μg/mg) of sucralose found in the trapped vapor and the mouthpiece condensate.</p

Measured sucralose concentrations.

<p>Average sucralose concentration (μg/mg) found across all flavors in the mouthpiece (gray bars) condensate and the vapor trap (black bars). Data from V2 tanks are shown on the left and V2 cartridges shown on the right. Error bars show standard error (n = 12 for tank, n = 15 for cartridge).</p