Summative chemical composition (mass % o.d. material) and monosaccharide composition (molar % of total monosaccharaides) of the enset fibers and stalks (stalk main and stalk fines).

<p>Summative chemical composition (mass % o.d. material) and monosaccharide composition (molar % of total monosaccharaides) of the enset fibers and stalks (stalk main and stalk fines).</p

Peak identification, retention time, origin (C-carbohydrate, S-syringyl, G-guaiacyl, H-hydroxyphenyl, NPS-undetermined phenolic, P-protein) and quantification (% of total area of the chromatogram) of the pyrolysis products from <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).

<p>Peak identification, retention time, origin (C-carbohydrate, S-syringyl, G-guaiacyl, H-hydroxyphenyl, NPS-undetermined phenolic, P-protein) and quantification (% of total area of the chromatogram) of the pyrolysis products from <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).</p

Graphical comparison of enset fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk chemical composition with other biomass sources.

<p>Graphical comparison of enset fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk chemical composition with other biomass sources.</p

Pyrograms of the <i>Enset ventricosum</i> fiber bundles and inflorescence stalk (main fraction and fines).

<p>1–2-oxo-propanal; 4 –hydroxyacetaldehyde; 6 –acetic acid; 7–1-hydroxy-propan-2-one; 11–3-hydroxypropanal; 14 –CH₃-CO-CHOH-CHO; 15 –CHO-CH₂-CH₂-CHO; 16 –furfural; 17–2-cyclopenten-1-one; 21–2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 22 –dihydro-methyl furanone isomer; 27 – 5<i>H</i>-furan-2-one; 28–4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-(2<i>H</i>)-pyran-2-one; 29–3-methyl-furan-2,5-dione; 31–2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 33–2-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-cyclopentene-3-one; 36 –sugar derivative; 39–5-hydroxymethyldihydrofuran-2-one; 42 –sugar derivative; 47 –sugar derivative; 51–2,3-dihydrobenzofuran; 52–4-vinylguaiacol; 54 –similar to 4-allylphenol; 59–2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-(4<i>H</i>)-pyran-4-one; 60 –methylindole; 67–4-vinylsyringol; 68–4-allylsyringol; 72–1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose; 73 –<i>trans</i>-4-propenylsyringol; 75 –Not identified; 81 –<i>trans</i>-sinapaldehyde.</p

Structural features of enset fiber bundles and pseudo stem.

<p>(A) SEM longitudinal observation of various fiber bundles, scale bar 200 μm (B) SEM observation of the cross section of fiber bundles, scale bar 100 μm (C) optical microscopy observation of a thin cross section of one fiber bundle, scale bar 100 μm (D) SEM observation of a longitudinal cut of one fiber bundle; scale bar 50 μm (E) optical microscopy observation of dissociated fibers from one fiber bundle, scale bar 200 μm (F) SEM observation of a cross-section of the pseudo stem; scale bar 400 μm (G) optical microscopy observation of dissociated cells of the pseudo stem, showing starch granules scale bar 50 μm.</p

Characterization of crop residues from false banana <i>/Ensete ventricosum/</i> in Ethiopia in view of a full-resource valorization - Fig 1

<p><b><i>Ensete</i> ventricosum plant (left) and cross-section of enset pseudo stem (right)</b>.</p

FTIR/ATR spectra of enset fiber bundles and enset inflorescence stalk.

<p>FTIR/ATR spectra of enset fiber bundles and enset inflorescence stalk.</p

Ethanol-water extraction yield, total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and monosaccharides contents, and antioxidant activity of <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fiber and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fibers).

<p>Ethanol-water extraction yield, total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and monosaccharides contents, and antioxidant activity of <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fiber and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fibers).</p

Composition (% of total peak area) of TMS-derivatized dichloromethane extracts from <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fibers and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).

<p>Composition (% of total peak area) of TMS-derivatized dichloromethane extracts from <i>Ensete ventricosum</i> fibers and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).</p