Means of arterial stiffness indices across the EZSCAN value quartiles.

<p>Values are mean (95% CI).</p

Spearman's correlation coefficients between the EZSCAN value and indices of arterial stiffness.

<p>cSBP, central systolic blood pressure; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ABI, ankle-brachial index.</p><p>^***<i>P</i><0.0001; ^**<i>P</i><0.01; ^*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Prevalence of NGT (solid bars) and IGR (open bars) across EZSCAN value quartiles.

<p>Prevalence of NGT (solid bars) and IGR (open bars) across EZSCAN value quartiles.</p

Baseline characteristics, stratified by IGR status and the EZSCAN value.

<p>Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range). Normal variables were compared using the Student t test, and non-normal variables were logistically transformed and compared using the Student t test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test.</p><p>NGT, normal glucose tolerance; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.</p><p>^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs. NGT group.</p>†<p><i>P</i><0.05 vs. < Median EZSCAN value group.</p

Arterial stiffness across the EZSCAN value quartiles, stratified by IGR status.

<p>Error bars represent 95% CI of the mean. n.s, not significant. ^***P<0.0001; ^** P<0.01; ^* P<0.05.</p

Modeling and upscaling analysis of gas diffusion electrode-based electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction systems

As an emerging technology for CO2 utilization, electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) systems incorporating gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) have the potential to transform CO2 to valuable products efficiently and environment-friendly. In this work, a two-dimensional multiphase model capturing the details of the catalyst layer in a GDE that produces formate with byproducts is established and quantitatively validated against experimental data. This model is capable of describing the mixture gas and aqueous species transportation, electron conduction processes, and a series of interrelated chemical and electrochemical reactions. Specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC) and product yield (PY) have been introduced and used to examine the GDE scalability and evaluate the system performance. The results predict the optimal values for applied cathode potential and catalyst loading and porosity. The effect of inlet gas composition and velocity is also evaluated. Moreover, this study predicts that the GDE is scalable as it retains a stable performance as its geometrical surface area varies. This model together with the simulation findings contributes to the improved understanding of GDE-based CO2 conversion as needed for the future development toward successful industrial applications

Mass transfer effect to electrochemical reduction of CO₂: Electrode, electrocatalyst and electrolyte

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to value-added chemicals is considered as a promising strategy for CO2 conversion with economic and environmental benefits. Recently, investigations in eCO2RR to produce chemicals as energy or chemical industrial feedstock have received much attention. The eCO2RR generally occurs at the interface between electrode/electrocatalyst and electrolyte including charge transfer, phase transformation and mass transport. One of key problems in the electrochemical reaction is mass transfer limitation owing to the gaseous property of CO2 with low concentration on the surface of electrode/electrocatalyst. Several strategies were employed to improve mass transfer in the past years, including electrochemical reactors, electrodes, electrocatalysts and electrolytes, etc. which could low reaction barriers so adequately that reaction rates can be realized that are sufficient for eCO2RR. This article comprehensively reviewed development related to mass transfer study of CO2, including the mechanism of mass transfer of CO2, and main factors (electrodes, electrocatalysts and electrolytes) on two-phase or multi-phase interface during eCO2RR. The article is not aim at providing a comprehensive review of technical achievements towards eCO2RR technology, but rather to highlight electrode, catalyst, electrolyte, and other factors, which can understand the above components or factors' effects towards mass transfer investigations, to decouple mass transfer limitations and improve the performance of electrochemical CO2 conversion. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives for mass transfer to eCO2RR are proposed.</p

How to go beyond C₁ products with electrochemical reduction of CO₂

The electrochemical reduction of CO2to produce fuels and value-added organic chemicals is of great potential, providing a mechanism to convert and store renewable energy within a carbon-neutral energy circle. Currently the majority of studies report C1products such as carbon monoxide and formate as the major CO2reduction products. A particularly challenging goal within CO2electrochemical reduction is the pursuit of multi-carbon (C2+) products which have been proposed to enable a more economically viable value chain. This review summaries recent development across electro-, photoelectro- and bioelectro-catalyst developments. It also explores the role of device design and operating conditions in enabling C-C bond generation