48 research outputs found

    An Indo-Pacifc coral spawning database

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    The discovery of multi-species synchronous spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef in the 1980s stimulated an extraordinary effort to document spawning times in other parts of the globe. Unfortunately, most of these data remain unpublished which limits our understanding of regional and global reproductive patterns. The Coral Spawning Database (CSD) collates much of these disparate data into a single place. The CSD includes 6178 observations (3085 of which were unpublished) of the time or day of spawning for over 300 scleractinian species in 61 genera from 101 sites in the Indo-Pacific. The goal of the CSD is to provide open access to coral spawning data to accelerate our understanding of coral reproductive biology and to provide a baseline against which to evaluate any future changes in reproductive phenology

    Housing Development Exhibition of Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (National Economy Bank) in Ko艂o, Warsaw, in 1935 - towards the improvement of residential housing

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    Idea wystaw budowlano-mieszkaniowych pojawi艂a si臋 w Europie Zachodniej po pierwszej wojnie 艣wiatowej. Na polski grunt zosta艂a przeszczepiona w latach 30. XX w. W 1935 r. na Kole w Warszawie zorganizowano jedn膮 z dw贸ch polskich wystaw tego typu: Wystaw臋 Budowlano-Mieszkaniow膮 Banku Gospodarstwa Krajowego. Rol膮 przedsi臋wzi臋cia zorganizowanego przez ten bank na zlecenie Komitetu Ekonomicznego Ministr贸w by艂a popularyzacja niedrogiej i estetycznej zabudowy jednorodzinnej dostosowanej do mo偶liwo艣ci finansowych 艣rednio usytuowanych obywateli oraz zapoznanie zwiedzaj膮cych ze zr贸偶nicowan膮 problematyk膮 budownictwa mieszkaniowego. Propagandowy charakter wystawy by艂 w pe艂ni uzasadniony, poniewa偶 niedob贸r lokali mieszkaniowych w Polsce stanowi艂 ogromy problem spo艂eczny, znamienny by艂 tak偶e niski poziom kultury budowlanej w艣r贸d rodzimych wykonawc贸w. Proponowana przez organizator贸w wystawy zabudowa mieszkaniowa mia艂a si臋 zatem przyczyni膰 do poprawy jako艣ci drobnego budownictwa oraz do zwi臋kszenia ilo艣ci mieszka艅. Dodatkowo, BGK przygotowa艂 ofert臋 preferencyjnych kredyt贸w na budow臋 indywidualnych dom贸w. Teren wystawy stanowi艂y grunty pa艅stwowe usytuowane na peryferiach miasta. Na wytyczonym obszarze o powierzchni 2,5 ha przeprowadzono pomiary i parcelacj臋, zaprojektowano ulice, dzia艂ki zaopatrzono w instalacje kanalizacyjne, gazowe, wodoci膮gowe i elektryczne, dopiero ostatnim etapem by艂a realizacja zabudowy mieszkalnej. Wystawa sk艂ada艂a si臋 z dw贸ch g艂贸wnych cz臋艣ci: ekspozycyjnej z pawilonem i stoiskami informacyjno-dydaktycznymi oraz mieszkalnej z koloni膮 domk贸w w uk艂adzie wolnostoj膮cym, bli藕niaczym i szeregowym. Ka偶dej ulicy przyporz膮dkowano dan膮 grup臋 dom贸w. Kolonia da艂a pocz膮tek osiedlu mieszkaniowemu BGK, kt贸re rozrasta艂o si臋 do 1939 r. wzd艂u偶 ulic: Obozowej, Bolecha, Dobrogniewa, Dalibora i Dahlberga. Kolejni zainteresowani nabywali wytyczone wcze艣niej dzia艂ki i zabudowywali je wed艂ug narzuconych przez inwestora (BGK) kryteri贸w architektonicznych. Projekty dom贸w pochodzi艂y w wi臋kszo艣ci z wydanego przez ten bank Katalogu typowych dom贸w dla drobnego budownictwa mieszkaniowego, w kt贸rym zebrano najlepsze prace wy艂onione z konkurs贸w architektonicznych na niewielki, tani dom. W艣r贸d tw贸rc贸w znale藕li si臋 przewa偶nie architekci m艂odego pokolenia ze 艣rodowiska warszawskiego. Modernistyczne osiedle BGK zachowa艂o si臋 do dzisiaj w dobrym stanie z wyj膮tkiem kilkunastu dom贸w wolnostoj膮cych, kt贸re uleg艂y znacznej rozbudowie.The concept of housing development exhibition originated in the Wastern Europe just after the I World Was. It was implemented in Poland in the beginning of the 1930s. One of two Polish exhibitions of this type was organized in 1935 in Ko艂o district of Warsaw: the BGK Housing Development Exhibition. The purpose of such event organized on behalf of Ministerial Economic Committee was to spread the solutions for more affordable, aesthetic and better quality housing and to familiarize visitors with general problems of housing development in Poland. Informational character of the exhibition was fully justifiable since the lack of dwellings constituted a great social challenge in Poland, which additionally coexisted with low quality skills of local contractors. Housing development suggested by the organizers was meant to influence the quality of construction and stimulate the dwellings' pool to grow. In addition, the BGK arranged a line of preferential construction loans for individuals. The exhibition area was arranged on state owned land situated on the outskirts of the city. Delineated area, 2,5 ha in size, was measured and subdivided, streets were drawn, plots were connected to city utilities and houses were erected in the last stage of the investment. The exhibition consisted of two parts: the exposition one with a pavilion and educational stands and the second one with collection of habitable houses: detached, semi detached and terraced buildings. Each street was developed with only one group of houses. The BGK exhibition complex created a momentum for further development of the estate alongside Obozowa, Bolecha, Dobrogniewa, Dalibora and Dahlberga Streets. interested ware able to purchase a site and build a house in accordance with strict architectural criteria enforced by BGK. Building designs originated mainly from the "Catalog of standard houses for small residential development", which was composed of the best works selected in two architectural competitions for small, affordable house. The awarded designers were mainly recruited from the young generation of architects residing in Warsaw. Modernistic BGK estate has been preserved in a good repair until today, with the exception of over ten detached houses which were significantly extended and modified

    Methyl jasmonate - a multifunctional molecule throughout the whole plant life

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    Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a widely occurring molecule. Since it is synthesized constitutively, its presence is substantial to plant normal growth and development. Moreover, its elevated concentration detected under abiotic and biotic stress conditions seems to be crucial to plant in reacting to adverse events and its ability to survive. Because of the sophisticated biochemical machinery inside the plant body, MJ, among other molecules, helps the plant to adopt to the surrounding environmental changes and is involved in its defense system

    Physicochemical properties of surface soil layer after the flood in the middle Vistula River valley

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    Environmental studies conducted after the 2010 flood in the middle Vistula River Valley focused on assessment of the physicochemical properties of soil (0-20 cm) sampled from horticultural plantations (2493 samples). Soil pHKCl as well as the content of available P, K and Mg forms were determined. Selected samples (48) were analysed for the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg), mineral N, S-SO4, salinity and dry mass. The tested soil pH ranged from acid to neutral; the phosphorus content was in the average range, while the content of available potassium was 161.0 mg K kg-1 and that of available magnesium exhibited the value of 160.5 mg Mg kg-1. The mean value of pHKCl and available P were not elevated in the flooded soils versus the same soils before the flood, while the available K and Mg were higher. The content of mineral nitrogen and sulphate sulphur as well as the salinity level were only slightly dependent on the soil agronomic category and soil pH. The content of heavy metals in the soil was higher than before the flood, but did not exceed natural values. The analyses did not demonstrate any significant deterioration of the physicochemical parameters of soils after the 2010 flood, which could negatively affect the quality and yield of cultivated fruit trees and shrubs.W badaniach 艣rodowiskowych przeprowadzonych po powodzi, kt贸ra wyst膮pi艂a w 2010 r. w Dolinie 艢rodkowej Wis艂y, oceniano w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemiczne gleb (0-20 cm) pobranych spod plantacji sadowniczych (2493 pr贸bki). Oznaczono w nich pHKCl oraz zawarto艣膰 przyswajalnych form P, K i Mg. W wybranych 48 pr贸bkach oznaczono dodatkowo zawarto艣膰 metali ci臋偶kich (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg), N-mineralny, S-SO4, zasolenie i such膮 mas臋. Odczyn badanych gleb mie艣ci艂 si臋 w zakresie od kwa艣nego do oboj臋tnego, zasobno艣膰 fosforu przyswajalnego by艂a przede wszystkim 艣rednia, zawarto艣膰 potasu przyswajalnego wynosi艂a 161.0 mg K kg-1, magnezu przyswajalnego 160.5 mg Mg kg-1. W glebach po powodzi, w por贸wnaniu z glebami sprzed tego zdarzenia, nie stwierdzono podwy偶szonego pHKCl i zawarto艣ci P-przyswajalnego, ale odnotowano wy偶sz膮 zawarto艣膰 K i Mg przyswajalnego. Zawarto艣膰 azotu mineralnego, siarki siarczanowej i zasolenia w niewielkim stopniu zale偶a艂a od kategorii agronomicznej i odczynu gleby. Zawarto艣膰 metali ci臋偶kich w glebie by艂a wy偶sza ni偶 przed powodzi膮, ale nie przekroczy艂a zawarto艣ci naturalnych. Wykazano, 偶e po powodzi z 2010 r. nie stwierdzono znacz膮cego pogorszenia w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemicznych gleb, kt贸re mog艂yby negatywnie oddzia艂ywa膰 na jako艣膰 i plonowanie uprawianych ro艣lin, w tym drzew i krzew贸w owocowych

    Wp艂yw gnojowicy i NPK na wybrane w艂a艣ciwo艣ci sorpcyjne gleby

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    The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of long-term fertilization with liquid manure applied annually and biennially and with mineral fertilizers on selected sorption properties of soil, i.e. the content of exchangeable magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium and as well as the value of hydrolytic acidity, sorption capacity and base cation saturation ratio. It was found that fertilization with liquid manure, in contrast to NPK application (N as NH4NO3, P as triple super phosphate, K as KCl), led to a significant rise in the content of exchangeable magnesium in soil, whereas application of liquid manure or mineral fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in the potassium content in soil. Application of liquid manure did not cause significant changes in the value of hydrolytic acidity between the lowest and the highest dose used, while mineral fertilization contributed to an increase in the value of hydrolytic acidity. Application of liquid manure reduced the value of hydrolytic acidity as deep as the third layer of the soil profile. Fertilization with liquid manure and mineral fertilizers did not affect the content of exchangeable calcium in the whole soil profile, although the calcium content in the soil profile increased to the 51-75 cm layer. Application of liquid manure and NPK did not alter significantly the content of exchangeable sodium in soil. Upon application of both liquid manure and NPK, no significant changes were observed in the total base exchangeable cations in soil (S) or in the sorption complex saturation (V). However, S and V significantly increased along the depth of sampling. It was found that fertilization with both liquid manure and mineral fertilizers did not induce substantial changes in the soil sorption capacity, although there was an increase in the total sorption capacity in two layers (51-75 cm and 76-100 cm) of the soil profile

    Przyswajalne formy sk艂adnik贸w pokarmowych w glebie nawo偶onej gnojowic膮 i NPK

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    The aim of the experiment, conducted from 1973 to 1999, was to determine the effect of long-term fertilization with liquid manure (annual and biennial) and with mineral fertilizers on selected physicochemical and chemical properties of soil, i.e., the content of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulphate sulphur, iron, manganese, pHKCl and organic carbon. Fertilization with liquid manure was observed to have resulted in a significant reduction in the content of soil-available phosphorus in comparison to fertilization with NPK. Fertilization with both liquid manure and NPK led to a significant increase in the content of available potassium and magnesium in the soil profile. The highest amounts of S-SO4 were reported from the topsoil layer, irrespective of the type of fertilizer applied. Fertilization with liquid manure and NPK caused an irregular rise in the content of iron soluble in 1 M HCl in the soil, whereas the content of manganese increased slightly and irregularly in response to the fertilization applied. A negligible rise in pHKCl of the topsoil layer was observed at annual application of increasing doses of liquid manure. It was reported that fertilization with liquid manure led to a steady rise in the organic carbon content in the soil profile.Celem eksperymentu prowadzonego w latach 1973-1999 by艂o okre艣lenie wp艂ywu wieloletniego nawo偶enia gnojowic膮, co rok i co dwa lata, oraz nawozami mineralnymi na wybrane w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemiczne i chemiczne gleby, tj. zawarto艣膰 fosforu, potasu, magnezu, siarki siarczanowej, 偶elaza, manganu, pHKCl i w臋gla organicznego. Stwierdzono, 偶e nawo偶enie gnojowic膮, szczeg贸lnie stosowan膮 co rok, spowodowa艂o istotne zmniejszenie zawarto艣ci fosforu przyswajalnego w glebie, w por贸wnaniu z nawo偶eniem NPK. Natomiast zastosowanie nawo偶enia gnojowic膮, a tak偶e nawo偶enia mineralnego, przyczyni艂o si臋 do istotnego przyrostu zawarto艣ci potasu, o najwi臋kszej koncentracji K w dw贸ch najg艂臋bszych badanych warstwach. Zastosowanie zar贸wno nawo偶enia gnojowic膮, jak i NPK przyczyni艂o si臋 do istotnego przyrostu zawarto艣ci magnezu przyswajalnego w profilu glebowym, szczeg贸lnie w dw贸ch (NPK) lub trzech (gnojowica) warstwach. Stosunkowo najwi臋cej S-SO4 by艂o w warstwie ornej, niezale偶nie od rodzaju nawo偶enia. Nawo偶enie gnojowic膮 i NPK spowodowa艂o nieregularny przyrost zawarto艣ci 偶elaza rozpuszczalnego w 1 mol HCl w glebie, pocz膮wszy od warstwy 26-50 cm, za艣 zawarto艣膰 manganu przyrasta艂a nieznacznie i nieregularnie pod wp艂ywem zastosowanego nawo偶enia. Zaobserwowano nieznaczny wzrost pHKCl warstwy ornej gleby pod wp艂ywem corocznego stosowania wzrastaj膮cych dawek gnojowicy. Stwierdzono, 偶e nawo偶enie gnojowic膮 spowodowa艂o systematyczne zwi臋kszenie zawarto艣ci w臋gla organicznego w profilu glebowym, szczeg贸lnie w dw贸ch warstwach: 0-25 cm i 26- -50 cm

    W艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemiczne powierzchniowej warstwy gleby po powodzi w Dolinie 艢rodkowej Wis艂y

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    Environmental studies conducted after the 2010 flood in the middle Vistula River Valley focused on assessment of the physicochemical properties of soil (0-20 cm) sampled from horticultural plantations (2493 samples). Soil pHKCl as well as the content of available P, K and Mg forms were determined. Selected samples (48) were analysed for the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg), mineral N, S-SO4, salinity and dry mass. The tested soil pH ranged from acid to neutral; the phosphorus content was in the average range, while the content of available potassium was 161.0 mg K kg-1 and that of available magnesium exhibited the value of 160.5 mg Mg kg-1. The mean value of pHKCl and available P were not elevated in the flooded soils versus the same soils before the flood, while the available K and Mg were higher. The content of mineral nitrogen and sulphate sulphur as well as the salinity level were only slightly dependent on the soil agronomic category and soil pH. The content of heavy metals in the soil was higher than before the flood, but did not exceed natural values. The analyses did not demonstrate any significant deterioration of the physicochemical parameters of soils after the 2010 flood, which could negatively affect the quality and yield of cultivated fruit trees and shrubs.W badaniach 艣rodowiskowych przeprowadzonych po powodzi, kt贸ra wyst膮pi艂a w 2010 r. w Dolinie 艢rodkowej Wis艂y, oceniano w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemiczne gleb (0-20 cm) pobranych spod plantacji sadowniczych (2493 pr贸bki). Oznaczono w nich pHKCl oraz zawarto艣膰 przyswajalnych form P, K i Mg. W wybranych 48 pr贸bkach oznaczono dodatkowo zawarto艣膰 metali ci臋偶kich (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg), N-mineralny, S-SO4, zasolenie i such膮 mas臋. Odczyn badanych gleb mie艣ci艂 si臋 w zakresie od kwa艣nego do oboj臋tnego, zasobno艣膰 fosforu przyswajalnego by艂a przede wszystkim 艣rednia, zawarto艣膰 potasu przyswajalnego wynosi艂a 161.0 mg K kg-1, magnezu przyswajalnego 160.5 mg Mg kg-1. W glebach po powodzi, w por贸wnaniu z glebami sprzed tego zdarzenia, nie stwierdzono podwy偶szonego pHKCl i zawarto艣ci P-przyswajalnego, ale odnotowano wy偶sz膮 zawarto艣膰 K i Mg przyswajalnego. Zawarto艣膰 azotu mineralnego, siarki siarczanowej i zasolenia w niewielkim stopniu zale偶a艂a od kategorii agronomicznej i odczynu gleby. Zawarto艣膰 metali ci臋偶kich w glebie by艂a wy偶sza ni偶 przed powodzi膮, ale nie przekroczy艂a zawarto艣ci naturalnych. Wykazano, 偶e po powodzi z 2010 r. nie stwierdzono znacz膮cego pogorszenia w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemicznych gleb, kt贸re mog艂yby negatywnie oddzia艂ywa膰 na jako艣膰 i plonowanie uprawianych ro艣lin, w tym drzew i krzew贸w owocowych
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