Many Neurons Communicated More Information about Degraded than Undegraded Familiar Stimuli

<p>Here we replot the data from <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020044#pbio-0020044-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> to illustrate how much information V4 neurons communicated about degraded (I_degrad) and undegraded (I₁₀₀) stimuli separately for novel (A) and familiar (B) stimuli. Each symbol in the scatter plot represents a single neuron. The insets show how degradation affected the information communicated by V4 neurons, by plotting histograms of the ΔI distributions (I₁₀₀− I_degrad) for novel and familiar stimuli. While 25 neurons (30% of the population) communicated more information about degraded than undegraded familiar stimuli, only six neurons (7% of the population) did so for novel stimuli.</p

Eye Movement Analysis during Free Viewing

<p>Regions of high fixation probability during free viewing of an example familiar and novel stimulus are shown. Monkeys viewed stimuli at 100% coherence (red-shaded regions) and at 45% coherence (yellow-shaded regions). The green-shaded regions represent regions with high fixation probability at both 45% and 100% coherence.</p

Learning Led to an Increase in V4 Neural Information about Degraded but Not Undegraded Stimuli

<p>Here we summarize how much information V4 neurons communicated about novel (I_nov) and familiar (I_fam) stimuli for undegraded (A) and degraded (B) stimuli. Each symbol in the scatter plot represents a single neuron and shows how much information this neuron communicated about familiar (x-axis) and novel (y-axis) stimuli. In each scatter plot, white-shaded symbols represent the 25% most informative neurons, i.e., the one-quarter of the population communicating most information about either familiar or novel stimuli. The remaining three-quarters of the population are shown in gray shading. The single neuron example in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020044#pbio-0020044-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a> is represented by the star. The black ‘x' represents the population mean for the 25% most informative neurons.</p

Stimuli and Behavioral Task

<div><p>(A) An example natural image is shown at three coherence levels, corresponding to 100% (undegraded), 45% (degraded), and 0% (pure visual noise).</p> <p>(B) The sequence of trial events for the DMS task used in this study. After a fixation period, a sample stimulus (S) is briefly presented, followed by a delay period and the presentation of a probe stimulus (P). While sample stimuli were presented at different coherence levels, probe stimuli were always presented in undegraded form (100% coherence). The monkeys were required to release a lever if the probe matched the sample.</p></div

Learning Improved Monkeys' Ability to Identify Degraded Stimuli

<div><p>(A) Behavioral performance for the sessions during which neural data was collected (<i>n</i> = 11) is shown as a function of the coherence of the sample stimulus for novel and familiar stimuli. Asterisks denote significant differences in performance for novel and familiar stimuli.</p> <p>(B) The performance at 45% coherence (%Correct₄₅) is shown for a set of novel stimuli that is introduced in the first session and then used during all subsequent sessions and thus becomes more and more familiar during subsequent sessions (circles). For comparison, performance with novel stimuli that are new and unique to each session is shown (diamonds). Sessions 1–20 represent purely behavioral training sessions (TRAIN), and sessions 21–26 represent combined behavioral and single unit recording sessions (REC).</p></div

Additional file 5: of Determination of antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of larval extract of fly via resazurin-based turbidometric assay

Bactericidal effects of standard antibiotics and L. cuprina larval extract against all tested bacteria. The left column of BHIA plates were inoculated with aliquots from the MIC wells of the corresponding standard antibiotics (gentamicin or chloramphenicol) for each tested bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA) whilst the right column of BHIA plates were inoculated with aliquots from the MIC wells of L. cuprina larval extract for each tested bacteria (S. aureus, MRSA, P. aeruginosa and E. coli). (EPS 8.88 mb

Additional file 1: of Telbivudine versus entecavir in patients with undetectable hepatitis B virus DNA: a randomized trial

Table S1. Serological, virological, and biochemical responses at week 48 by baseline HBeAg-positivity. Table S2. Serological, virological, and biochemical responses at week 48 by status of liver cirrhosis. Table S3. Serological, virological, and biochemical responses at week 48 by gender. Table S4. Characteristics of the patients at virologic breakthrough. (DOCX 51 kb

Human-zebrafish homology of axon guidance cues.

<p>Alignments were performed using NCBI BLAST (blastp). ZF: zebrafish. Protein identity: percentage of identical amino acids between the human and zebrafish orthologous proteins across the region of alignment. Protein coverage: percentage of human protein matched to orthologous zebrafish protein across the region of alignment.</p

Additional file 1: of Prognostic value of Dickkopf-1 and ß-catenin expression in advanced gastric cancer

Table S1. Correlation between clinicopathogic findings and ß-cateinin expression. (DOCX 21 kb

BDNF stimulated outgrowth is Ca²⁺ dependent and requires Ca²⁺ release from internal stores.

<p>(A) Bath application of BDNF elicits a strong Ca²⁺ signal in zebrafish growth cones (pseudocolored according to scale on left, with blue  =  lower [Ca²⁺] and white  =  higher [Ca²⁺]), quantified in (B). Treatment with both (C) BAPTA-AM, a cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ buffer, and (D) thapsigargin, which depletes intracellular Ca²⁺ pools, abolish BDNF stimulated outgrowth. Scale bar, 5 µm. *, p<0.05; ns, not significant.</p