64 research outputs found

    High energy density of primary lithium batteries working with sub-fluorinated few walled carbon nanotubes cathode

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    Fluorinated carbon nanotubes used as cathode material exhibit a capacity exceeding the theoretical value when used in primary lithium battery. The measured experimental capacity, the faradic yield and the energy density were increased, exceeding the expected theoretical values for sub-fluorinated few walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs).Although the molar carbon/fluorine ratio was only of 0.37 (i.e CF0.37), an experimental capacity of 900 mAh.g−1 was obtained which is higher than the theoretical value of 521 mAh.g−1. With the same material, an unprecedented energy density of 2565 Wh kg−1 was reached associated with a faradic yield of 172%. The materials were deeply characterized using TEM, Raman and solid state 13C and 19F NMR in order to explain the extra-capacity. Such high electrochemical values can be correlated to the reinforcement effect of the central tube(s), coupled with a low amount of structural defects

    Friction properties of fluorinated carbons

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    In boundary lubrication regime, friction reduction and antiwear processes are associated to the presence of additives in the lubricating oils or greases. These processes are due to the formation of protective tribofilms resulting from chemical reactions between the additives and the sliding surfaces, in the physico-chemical conditions of the sliding contact. Conventional antiwear additives mainly consist of transition metal organo phosphate or thiophosphates which present a remarkable efficiency in the case of contacts between ferrous alloys. In the case of non reacting surfaces, these additives become inactive. Recently developped lubrication strategies consist in the use of dispersion in oils of nano additives able to build the protective tribofilm in the sliding contact without reaction with the surfaces. Carbon fluorinated phases, due to their lamellar structure and their high chemical stability even at relatively high temperature (400°C) represent interesting candidates as lubricant nano-additives subjected to present friction reduction, anti wear and anti corrosion actions. This work presents the tribologic behaviour of some carbon fluorinated derivatives such as graphite fluorides, fluorinated carbon nanofibers, fluorinated carbon nanodiscs and fluorinated carbon blacks. The influence, on the tribologic performances, of the structure of the initial carbon phases, of the fluorination rate (0<F/C<1) and the structure of the fluorinated compounds is discussed

    Tribological properties of low-temperature graphite fluorides. Influence of the structure on the lubricating performances

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    International audienceThe present work is concerned with the study of the tribological properties of various fluorinated carbon phases obtained at room temperature and then post-treated under fluorine atmosphere at different temperatures. The tribological tests evidence good intrinsic properties for all the compounds (friction coefficient in the range 0.07-0.09). Differences appear after few cycles. Friction measurements after 100 cycles and complementary Raman analyses of the tribofilm remaining in the wear scar point out that long term tribologic properties of the fluorinated compounds strongly depend on the evolution undergone by the materials under friction. The release of HF molecules, the loss of fluorine and partial rebuilding of graphitic phases are at the origin of the degradation of the friction properties. The good properties of the compounds post-treated at temperature in the range 150-300 °C are attributed to the chemical and structural stability of these compounds under friction

    Etude de la synthÚse et du traitement thermique sous fluor de fluorures de graphite préparés à température ambiamte (Applications au stockage électrochimique de l'énergie)

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    Des fluorures de graphite ont été préparés à température ambiante en présence de F2-HF-MFn, MFn étant BF3 ou un fluorure de chlore préparé à partir de Cl2 ou de KCl, puis traités thermiquement sous fluor. La synthÚse a également été réalisée sur un micropilote en vue d'une industrialisation. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement des matériaux lors d'utilisations comme lubrifiant solide et comme cathode dans des piles au lithium, ces composés ont été caractérisés. La DRX a permis de déterminer la structure des composés. L'identification et la quantification des espÚces intercalées ont été réalisées par RMN 19F, 11B et 1H, et par RPE. La covalence de la liaison C-F a été évaluée par RMN 13C et InfraRouge. Ce travail a permis d'obtenir une large gamme de matériaux aussi compétitifs que ceux déja connus et commercialisés pour les applications citéesCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Contribution Ă  l'Ă©tude de la fonctionnalisation et de l'intercalation des nanotubes de carbone (Application Ă  l'Ă©laboration de structures nanofilamentaires)

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    Ce travail est consacrĂ© Ă  l'Ă©tude de la fonctionnalisation des nanotubes de carbone (NTC) et Ă  l'application des dĂ©rives obtenues en vue de l'Ă©laboration de nanomatĂ©riaux qui font Ă  l'heure actuelle l'objet d'une attention particuliĂšre scientifique trĂšs soutenue. Une Ă©tude de la fonctionnalisation par l'oxygĂšne et le fluor de diffĂ©rents lots de NTC, obtenus par diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes de synthĂšse, a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Celle-ci nous a permis de dĂ©boucher sur l'obtention de tubes bifonctionnalisĂ©s par des hĂ©tĂ©roĂ©lĂ©ments. Le stockage de fluor dans des NTC monoparois en forme de fagot a pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  partir d'une atmosphĂšre gazeuse de fluor Ă  basse tempĂ©rature. La fluoration obtenue s'est montrĂ©e rĂ©versible. WF6 a Ă©tĂ© intercalĂ© dans l'espace interplanaire de NTC multiparois catalytiques. Le produit obtenu a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© en tant que prĂ©curseur pour l'obtention de nanoparticules d'oxyfluorures de tungstene Ă  l'issue d'un Ă©change fluor-oxygĂšne via la molĂ©cule d'hexamĂ©thyldisiloxane. La tentative d'Ă©laboration de structures halogĂ©nĂ©es de type nanofilamentaire Ă  partir des NTC fonctionnalisĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©e en dernier lieuCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude de la réactivité de l'hexafluorure d'uranium (application à la formation de composés dérivés de fluorures d'uranium et à la réaction avec les métaux et leurs alliages)

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    L uranium hexafluoré (UF6), seul composé d uranium volatil à basse température, est utilisé industriellement pour enrichir isotopiquement l uranium afin de produire du combustible nucléaire. Cette thÚse s intéresse à trois problématiques rencontrées industriellement lors de la production d UF6 : Celui-ci est synthétisé par l action de fluor gazeux sur du tétrafluorure d uranium (UF4) à haute température. Selon les conditions, cette réaction peut s accompagner de la formation de fluorures dont la composition se situe entre UF4 et UF6, appelés fluorures d uranium intermédiaires tels que UF5, U2F9 et U4F17 et qui viennent polluer les installations industrielles. Cette thÚse permet de compléter le diagramme d Agron qui définit les zones de stabilité des fluorures intermédiaires en fonction de la température et de la pression en UF6. Elle montre l importance de la morphologie du solide utilisé et confirme la formation d un nouveau fluorure intermédiaire de formule U4F19. Les fluorures d uranium peuvent aussi former des composés en présence de polluants tels que les métaux alcalins. Les composés formés de fluorures de métaux alcalins (NaF et KF) et de tétrafluorure d uranium ont été synthétisés. Leur fluoration par le fluor gazeux (F2) et l UF6 a montré une oxydation de l uranium jusqu au degré d oxydation V ou VI. Dans ce dernier cas de l UF6 gazeux est produit ; mais la dissociation totale de l uranium et de son fluorure alcalin n a pas été observée. Enfin l hexafluorure d uranium est un puissant agent de corrosion notamment parce qu il peut se dismuter et libérer du fluor. Une étude de fluoration par le fluor gazeux (F2) sur des nuances d aciers inoxydables enrichis ou non en nickel et monel (70% Ni, 30% Cu) permet de mettre en évidence la faible résistance de ces aciers. Seul le monel présente une résistance accrue, confirmée par des essais de corrosion par UF6 qui mettent en évidence l importance de la couche de passivation NiF2, formée par F2 avant l attaque par UF6. Pour terminer, des études structurales réalisées à partir de diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal de composés uranifÚres utilisés au cours de ces études (UF4, UF5, Na7U6F31, Na7U2F15) permettent d affiner la connaissance de ces composés.Uranium hexafluoride (UF6), the only uranium compound volatile at low temperature, is used industrially for isotopical enrichment of uranium to produce nuclear fuel. This dissertation addresses three problems encountered industrially in the production of UF6 : It is synthesized by the action of fluorine gas (F2) on uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) at high temperature. Depending on conditions, this reaction may be accompanied by the formation of fluorides whose composition is between UF4 and UF6, called intermediate uranium fluorides such as UF5, U2F9 and U4F17 which pollute industrial facilities. This dissertation will complete Agron s diagram which defines the stability zones of intermediate fluorides as a function of temperature and pressure of UF6. It shows the importance of the morphology of the solid used and confirms the formation of a new fluoride intermediate which formula is U4F19. The uranium fluorides can also form compounds in the presence of contaminants such as alkali metals. The compounds formed of alkali metal fluorides (NaF and KF) and uranium tetrafluoride were synthesized. Their fluorination with fluorine gas (F2) and UF6 showed an oxidation of uranium to the oxidation state V or VI. In the latter case, the UF6 gas is produced, but the total dissociation of uranium from its alkali fluoride was not observed. Finally uranium hexafluoride is a powerful agent of corrosion in particular because it can dismute and release fluoride. A study of fluorination by fluorine gas (F2) on stainless steel grades enriched or not in nickel and Monel (70% Ni, 30% Cu) is used to highlight the low resistance of steels. Only monel has a high resistance, confirmed by corrosion tests by UF6 that highlight the importance of the passivation layer NiF2, formed by F2 before the attack by UF6. Finally, structural studies carried out using X-ray diffraction on single crystal of uranium compounds used in these studies (UF4, UF5 Na7U6F31, Na7U2F15) enhance the knowledge of these compounds.CLERMONT FD-Bib.électronique (631139902) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Hybrid-Type Graphite Fluoride as Cathode Material in Primary Lithium Batteries

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    International audienceA graphite fluoride (CF(LT)-T) series with singular physicochemical properties were prepared by a refluorination treatment between 100 and 600°C of a low-temperature (LT) fluorinated graphite. The most striking feature of these materials is the coexistence of sp2- and the sp3-type hybridizations of the carbon atoms, which gives the materials an unusual hybrid covalent/semicovalent character. This hybrid structure leads to outstanding electrochemical performances as cathode materials in primary lithium batteries. In particular a very high energy density of 2277 Wh kg–1 was achieved with the CF(LT)550 material. The discharge voltage and capacity are refluorination temperature dependent

    Élaboration d’une pouzzolane de synthĂšse Ă  partir des sĂ©diments de barrage

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    International audiencePrecipitations, in the showers, cause the fast erosion of the slopes. The fine solid particles which are transported by the rivers arrive up to the levels of the stoppings where they settle. Thus, after continuous downpours the dam silts up ; which decreases its lifespan. One of the solutions adopted at summer was unsilting, but in front of the great quantity of product rejected simply downstream from the stopping, the problems of environment appeared. The use of this recovered mud in the manufacture of pozzolanic cement, contributes in the resolution of these problems. The study shows that the addition of 30 % of calcined mud with cement (CPA) makes it possible to obtain pozzolanic cement. Indeed, the quantity of added artificial pozzolana creates a chemical reaction with the lime released during the hydration of cement to form a calcium silicate hydrate probably the tobermorite and gehlenite.Les prĂ©cipitations, sous formes d’averses, provoquent l’érosion rapide des versants. Les particules solides fines qui sont transportĂ©es par les cours d’eau, arrivent jusqu’aux niveaux des barrages oĂč elles dĂ©cantent. Ainsi, de crue en crue le barrage s’envase ; ce qui diminue sa durĂ©e de vie. La solution adoptĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© le dĂ©vasement, mais devant la grande quantitĂ© de produit rejetĂ©e simplement en aval du barrage, le problĂšme d’environnement est apparu. L’utilisation de cette vase rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©e, dans la fabrication d’un ciment pouzzolanique, contribue Ă  la rĂ©solution de ces problĂšmes. L’étude montre que l’ajout de 30 % de vase calcinĂ©e au ciment portland ordinaire (CPA) permet d’obtenir un ciment pouzzolanique. En effet, la quantitĂ© de pouzzolane artificielle ajoutĂ©e rentre en rĂ©action avec la chaux libĂ©rĂ©e lors de l’hydratation du ciment pour former un silicate de calcium hydratĂ© (CSH) et la gĂ©hlĂ©nite

    Structural, Bonding, and Electrochemical Properties of Perfluorinated Fullerene C70F56

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    International audienceThe synthesis of a perfluorinated compound of average composition C70F56 is described. The associated properties are examined at the molecular level and for the bulk material. It is shown that fluorination involves an expansion of the carbon frame and that the length of the resulting C-F bond is elongated to 1.45 Å and possesses an ionocovalent nature. The corresponding crystalline product has fcc symmetry related to complete orientational disorder of the fluorinated molecules. When C70F56 is used in lithium batteries, the formation of LiF results via a preliminary intercalation reaction

    The Effect of Carbon Starting Material on Carbon Fluoride Synthesized at Room Temperature: Characterization and Electrochemistry

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    International audienceA series of carbon fluorine compounds (CxF) was prepared by catalyzed, room-temperature reactions of natural graphite, petroleum coke, and coal-tar-pitch coke with fluorine in the presence of HF and IF5. Elemental analysis indicated that most of the compounds had carbon-to-fluorine ratios between 1 and 2. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy suggest that carbon-fluorine bond strengths were intermediate between ionic and covalent. The CxF materials exhibit higher reduction potentials when compared to commercially available CFx. Although the discharge capacities were lower for CxF compounds, their greater discharge voltage yielded higher energy densities than for analogous CFx cells. Discharge capacities for CxF increased slightly when prepared from petroleum coke heated to 1700°C compared with coke heated to 2600°C. This suggests that better discharge performance may be achieved from carbons with lower degrees of graphitization. CxF synthesized from natural graphite with particle sizes xF prepared from natural graphite with particle sizes between 20 and 40 ”m. Materials prepared from coal-tar-pitch coke exhibited poor discharge capacities
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