Aminophylline, Adenosine Antagonist Attenuates Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats

we investigate the effect of Aminophylline against acute renal failure (ARF) in female Albino Wister rats. ARF was produced by glycerol as a simple method for induction ARF so this achieved by injection of glycerol as single dose (10ml/kg, 50%V/V with tap water, IM) in rats which were restricted to drinking water for 24 hours. Aminophylline (5mg/rat I.P) was administered as a single dose at (60min.'s) before ARF. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) concentrations were markedly elevated in glycerol-ARF group on the 1st day and 3rdday, but the elevation was significantly suppressed by Aminophylline. Also Aminophylline markedly attenuated the severe impairment of creatinine clearance (Crcl) caused by glycerol. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Aminophylline can protect the renal damage caused by glycerol. Key words: ARF, glycerol, Aminophylline

Computation of mode I strain energy release rate of symmetrical and asymmetrical sandwich structures using mixed finite element

The use of composite materials is on the rise in different engineering fields, the main advantage of these materials for the aerospace industry is their low weight for excellent mechanical qualities. The analysis of failure modes, such as delamination, of these materials has received great attention from researchers. This paper proposes a method to evaluate the mode I Strain Energy Release Rate (SERR) of sandwich structures. This method associated a two-dimensional mixed finite element with virtual crack extension technique for the analysis of interfacial delamination of sandwich beams. A symmetrical Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and asymmetrical Double Cantilever Beam (UDCB) have been analyzed in this study.  The comparison of the results obtained by this method and those found in the literature shows efficiency and good precision for the calculation of Strain Energy Release Rate (SERR)

Protagonisten und Antagonisten : Eine Studie über Schillers Tragödientheorie und ihre Verwendung in drei seiner Dramen ; Die Räuber, Maria Stuart und Die Braut von Messina

Es handelt sich bei dieser Dissertation um die Tragödientheorie von Friedrich Schiller. Die Arbeit ist in einer Einleitung, drei Kapiteln und einem Schlusswort untertitelt. In der Einleitung behandle ich die verschiedenen Theorien und Philosophien von Aristoteles über Schakespear, die französischen Klassiker, Kant bis hin zur Tragödientheorie von Schiller. Im ersten Kapitel analysiere ich das Drama "Die Räuber" insbesondere die Charaktere Karl und Franz Moor, die gestörte Vaterwelt und die religiösen Anspielungen im Drama. Im zweiten Kapitel behandle ich das Drama "Maria Stuart". Neben einer Analyse der beiden Hauptcharaktere (Elisabeth und Maria) behandle ich die Begegnung der beiden Königinnen und versuche am Ende zu zeigen, warum und wie Maria als eine erhabene Figur und eine shcöne Seele gilt. Im dritten Kapitel behandle ich das Drama "Die Braut von Messina". Hier erforsche ich die Rolle des Chores im Drama und versuche zu zeigen, dass Don Cesar keine erhabene Figur ist. Im Schlusswort legte ich alle Bemerkungen und Schlussfolgerungen, die ich gesammelt habe, dar

Infective Endocarditis by Rare Organism Granulicatella Adiacens

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection of the cardiac valves especially in patients with preexisted valvular disease. Having a rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, prosthetic valves or previous episodes of IE are some of the traditional risk factors for infective endocarditis (Hoen & Duval, 2013). Although most cases were reported by streptococci especially streptococcus viridans, which is one of the commensal bacteria isolated from the mouth, some of the cases of IE can be caused by fastidious extracellular bacteria such as Abiotrophia, HACEK group bacteria, Clostridium, Brucella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Bartonella spp. These organisms need supplemented media, prolonged incubation time, and special culture conditions to grow and be isolated. Abiotrophia was reclassified in a new genus Granulicatella, as Granulicatella adiacens, balaenopterae, elegans and G. para adiacens. The genus Abiotrophia consists of only one species -A.defectiva

Corrosion Mitigation in Crude Oil Process by Implementation of Desalting Unit in Erbil Refinery

The aim of this study is to reduce the percentage of salt and water in the Khurmele crude oil which is chosen for this study in order to mitigate the corrosion of the equipment’s involved in the refining process. The produced oil in Khurmele oil field, received by a refinery, usually contains water, mineral salts, and sediments, which should be treated before starting the refining process. In addition, this water normally contains dissolved mineral salts which are usually soluble in the water phase such as chlorides of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. If crude oil is left untreated, it can cause various operating problems such as scaling, corrosion and inorganic fouling of the equipment, and catalyst poisoning of the hydrotreating unit. This study focuses on the optimization of the salt removal and dehydration efficiency of the desalter unit, which currently is a single-stage desalter. Five parameters which are affecting the efficiency of the desalter unit are; temperature, demulsifier injection rates, wash-water injection rates, differential pressure, and electrical current. A systematic study was carried out by variation of one parameter while keeping the other four parameters constant at each time. Basic Sediments & Water (BS&W) will be measured to evaluate the effect of each parameter. Samples were taken with every changed factor and analyzed.., For multiple tests, the extent of the changes and the difference between the results of the first sample with the results of other samples, on the basis of the analysis of the percentage removal of salts and separation of water, were determined in order to get the best results at the end. This leads to the improvement of the operational conditions to good working conditions. It was found that at a crude oil flow rate of 70 -200m3/hr.The optimum result of salt and water removal was at the temperature 125 °C. The optimum injected concentration of Embreak 2W157D was 20ppm for salt and water removal. The highest efficiency for salt and water removal was reached at 1.3bar differential pressure (∆P = 1.3bar). The best ratio of wash water injection to desalter unit for optimum salt and impurities removal from the crude oil was found to be 6m3/hr. Also, It was found that the electrical voltage value of 23 Kv. gave the optimum collection of water drops. Finally, the overhead system corrosion was due to the hydrogen chloride dissolved in crude oil passed through bad desalting process to downstream of the desalter unit

The effect of canal curvature on cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary instruments using different irrigation materials (in vitro study) [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]

Background The mechanical qualities of Ni-Ti is crucial because they give the files their flexibility and enable us to prepare curved and double-curved canals with more ease. It happens frequently for instruments to separate during canal preparation, and cyclic fatigue (metal fatigue) is a frequent cause. This study aimed to assess how irrigation affected the two rotary endodontic instruments’ cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods The Edge File and Fanta File rotary endodontic instrument groups were chosen. Each group (n = 42) was split into 3 subgroups (n = 14 each), one receiving NaOH, one Glycine, and one EDTA treatment. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined after each subgroup underwent testing for cyclic fatigue resistance. Results The result appeared different significant between the two group and sub-group with the different materials that used with it with the length of fractures and time that recorded in each group. Conclusion NaOCl, glycine, and EDTA as chemical materials appeared to have considerably varied cycle fatigue resistance for various lengths of fractures and durations, according to the comparison between the two evaluated instruments

Regulation of Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme 2 in Obesity: Implications for COVID-19

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Age, smoking, obesity, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes have been described as risk factors for severe complications and mortality in COVID-19. Obesity and diabetes are usually associated with dysregulated lipid synthesis and clearance, which can initiate or aggravate pulmonary inflammation and injury. It has been shown that for viral entry into the host cell, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on the cells. We aimed to characterize how SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates lipid metabolism pathways in the host and the effect of dysregulated lipogenesis on the regulation of ACE2, specifically in obesity. In our study, through the re-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data, we first found that lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed upregulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism, including the SOC3 gene, which is involved in the regulation of inflammation and inhibition of leptin signaling. This is of interest as viruses may hijack host lipid metabolism to allow the completion of their viral replication cycles. Furthermore, a dataset using a mouse model of diet-induced obesity showed a significant increase in Ace2 expression in the lungs, which negatively correlated with the expression of genes that code for sterol response element-binding proteins 1 and 2 (SREBP). Suppression of Srebp1 showed a significant increase in Ace2 expression in the lung. Moreover, ACE2 expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue can be regulated through changes in diet. Validation of the in silico data revealed a higher expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and SREBP1 in vitro in lung epithelial cells from obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. To our knowledge this is the first study to show upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in obesity. In silico and in vitro results suggest that the dysregulated lipogenesis and the subsequently high ACE2 expression in obese patients might be the mechanism underlying the increased risk for severe complications in those patients when infected by SARS-CoV-2