Critical data-based incremental cooperative communication for wireless body area network

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are single-hop network systems, where sensors gather the body’s vital signs and send them directly to master nodes (MNs). The sensors are distributed in or on the body. Therefore, body posture, clothing, muscle movement, body temperature, and climatic conditions generally influence the quality of the wireless link between sensors and the destination. Hence, in some cases, single hop transmission (‘direct transmission’) is not sufficient to deliver the signals to the destination. Therefore, we propose an emergency-based cooperative communication protocol for WBAN, named Critical Data-based Incremental Cooperative Communication (CD-ICC), based on the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA standard but assuming a lognormal shadowing channel model. In this paper, a complete study of a system model is inspected in the terms of the channel path loss, the successful transmission probability, and the outage probability. Then a mathematical model is derived for the proposed protocol, end-to-end delay, duty cycle, and average power consumption. A new back-off time is proposed within CD-ICC, which ensures the best relays cooperate in a distributed manner. The design objective of the CD-ICC is to reduce the end-to-end delay, the duty cycle, and the average power transmission. The simulation and numerical results presented here show that, under general conditions, CD-ICC can enhance network performance compared to direct transmission mode (DTM) IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and benchmarking. To this end, we have shown that the power saving when using CD-ICC is 37.5% with respect to DTM IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and 10% with respect to MI-ICC

Enhancement of the duty cycle cooperative medium access control for wireless body area networks

This paper presents a novel energy-efficient and reliable connection to enhance the transmission of data over a shared medium for wireless body area networks (WBAN). We propose a novel protocol of two master nodes-based cooperative protocol. In the proposed protocol, two master nodes were considered, that is, the belt master node and the outer body master node. The master nodes work cooperatively to avoid the retransmission process by sensors due to fading and collision, reducing the bit error rate (BER), which results in a reduction of the duty cycle and average transmission power. In addition, we have also presented a mathematical model of the duty cycle with the proposed protocol for the WBAN. The results show that the proposed cooperative protocol reduced the BER by a factor of 4. The average transmission power is reduced by a factor of 0.21 and this shows the potential of the proposed technique to be used in future wearable wireless sensors and systems

Non-Cooperative Game Theory Approach for Cognitive Cooperative Communication in WBAN

To increase the Quality of Service (QoS) of wireless body area network, we need an effective data-rate delivering method, which capably forwarding the data over several path. For this reason, we proposed a non-cooperative game approach, based on utilizing a pricing-based spectrum leasing mechanism to transmit the data over several path based on non-cooperative game theory. The parameter price c is together determined by WBAN sensor and D2D users. Then, all selected D2D users used optimized powers that can fulfil the need of the WBSN users. Numerical results show the proposed approach improves the utility of WBSN users and their throughput

Reliable emergency data transmission using transmission mode selection in wireless body area network

The main differences between wireless body area network (WBAN) and wireless sensor network are the sensors in WBAN distributed on the human body; therefore, body posture, clothing, muscle movement, body temperature, and climatic conditions generally influence the links between sensors and destination. Second, data gathered by the sensors are related to human life; therefore, it is important to make sure that the gathered data should be delivered to destination efficiently. Hence, in some cases, single-hop transmission or direct transmission mode (DTM) is not sufficient to deliver the data to the destination. In this paper, we proposed an emergency-based cooperative communication protocol for WBAN, named as Emergency Data Transmission using Transmission Mode Selection (ED-TMS) protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA. First, a complete study of a system model is inspected in terms of channel path loss, successful transmission probability, and the outage probability. Second, a mathematical model of the proposed protocol, end-to-end delay, and throughput with relay selection (RS) is derived. Third, RS is utilized along with ED-TMS, which makes only the best relay participate in cooperation in a distributed manner. The design objective of the ED-TMS is to reduce end-to-end delay and enhance the throughput of direct transmission and traditional cooperative communication. The simulation and numerical results show that the ED-TMS can enhance network performance under general conditions compared to DTM IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and benchmark. The end-to-end delay reductions of ED-TMS with RS with respect to DTM, mutual information incremental cooperative communication, and ED-TMS without RS are 24.5%, 28%, and 30%, respectively

Lazy multi-level dynamic traffic load balancing protocol for data center (LMDTLB)

The minimization of tail latency is especially crucial in user interfacing services and fast responding apps. The literature on the datacenter load balancing protocols contains of many protocols but works discussing tail latency are scarce. This work proposes a novel variant of the Multi-Level Dynamic Traffic Load Balancing (MDTLB) protocol for a datacenter called the Lazy MDTLB or LMDTLB, which uses the concept of delaying the rerouting decision by a few packets for every flow that require path changes to provide the network with the time to ensure that a terrible path condition is not temporary. An evaluation of the state-of-the-art protocols of load balancing was conducted to determine the best performing one for curtailing tail latency involving flows of data mining, web search, and general flows. The findings confirmed that LMDTLB was the most efficient in minimizing tail latency and flow completion time (FCT)

Lazy multi-level dynamic traffic load balancing protocol for data center (LMDTLB)

The minimization of tail latency is especially crucial in user interfacing services and fast responding apps. The literature on the datacenter load balancing protocols contains of many protocols but works discussing tail latency are scarce. This work proposes a novel variant of the Multi-Level Dynamic Traffic Load Balancing (MDTLB) protocol for a datacenter called the Lazy MDTLB or LMDTLB, which uses the concept of delaying the rerouting decision by a few packets for every flow that require path changes to provide the network with the time to ensure that a terrible path condition is not temporary. An evaluation of the state-of-the-art protocols of load balancing was conducted to determine the best performing one for curtailing tail latency involving flows of data mining, web search, and general flows. The findings confirmed that LMDTLB was the most efficient in minimizing tail latency and flow completion time (FCT)