Accuracy of Herdsmen Reporting versus Serologic Testing for Estimating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevalence

Herdsman-reported disease prevalence is widely used in veterinary epidemiologic studies, especially for diseases with visible external lesions; however, the accuracy of such reports is rarely validated. Thus, we used latent class analysis in a Bayesian framework to compare sensitivity and specificity of herdsman reporting with virus neutralization testing and use of 3 nonstructural protein ELISAs for estimates of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence on the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon in 2000. Herdsman-reported estimates in this FMD-endemic area were comparable to those obtained from serologic testing. To harness to this cost-effective resource of monitoring emerging infectious diseases, we suggest that estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of herdsmen reporting should be done in parallel with serologic surveys of other animal diseases.Fil: Morgan, Kenton L.. University of Liverpool; Reino UnidoFil: Handel, Ian G.. University of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Tanya, Vincent N.. Institute of Agricultural Research for Development; Camerún. Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation; CamerúnFil: Hamman, Saidou M.. Institute of Agricultural Research for Development; CamerúnFil: Nfon, Charles. Institute of Agricultural Research for Development; CamerúnFil: Bergmann, Ingrid Evelyn. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein"; Argentina. Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center; BrasilFil: Malirat, Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein"; Argentina. Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center; BrasilFil: Sorensen, Karl J.. Danish Veterinary Institute for Virus Research; DinamarcaFil: Bronsvoort, Barend M de C,. University of Edinburgh; Reino Unid

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Cross-sectional correlates of fasting hyperinsulinaemia in post-menopausal women of different ethnic origin

Aims  In a large ethnically diverse nationwide sample of post-menopausal women we explored the relationship between fasting insulin levels, ethnicity, and a wide range of anthropometric, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors. Methods  Subjects were post-menopausal women aged 50–79 years without diagnosed diabetes mellitus comprising a subsample ( n  = 3500) of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trial and Observational Study. In a cross-sectional survey at baseline, we analysed the association between ethnicity and fasting insulin using analysis of covariance procedures and identified independent correlates of hyperinsulinaemia, defined by the 75th percentile cut point for each ethnic group. Results  Fasting insulin levels were higher among African-American and Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic White or Asian women. These differences persisted after adjustment for age, educational attainment, total and central body obesity, adult weight change, family history of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption, use of menopausal hormone therapy and physical activity. Higher levels of body mass index, waist–hip ratio, adult weight gain, and lower levels of total and moderate or strenuous recreational activity were independent correlates of fasting hyperinsulinaemia. Habitual walking was also inversely associated with fasting insulin. Conclusions  In this cross-sectional analysis, fasting insulin levels were higher among African-American and Hispanic post-menopausal women as compared with non-Hispanic White and Asian women. In addition, obesity, adult weight gain, and low levels of moderate or strenuous physical activity were independently associated with hyperinsulinaemia. Diabet. Med. 23, 77–85 (2006)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71479/1/j.1464-5491.2006.01788.x.pd