Neighbor removal increases forager longevity, slows progression through temporal castes (Pogonomyrmex badius)

Sustainability standards like Fair Trade (FT) or Utz certified (Utz) are widely regarded as a promising way of improving smallholder coffee farmer welfare. As yet, the impact of certification remains poorly understood. This chapter presents the findings of the study regarding the impact of FT and Utz in Kenya. The study was carried out in the Kiambu and Nyeri districts of Kenya (Figure 3.1). The study is based on two waves of data collection carried out in 2009 and 2013 with farmers belonging to six cooperative societies: Ndumberi, Tekangu, Kiambaa, Mikari, Rugi and Kiama. This chapter aims to answer the following central research question: What is the impact of FT/Utz involvement at producer and producer organisation level in Kenya