Natural Product Studies

Abstract Not Provided

A cultural landscape approach to community-based conservation in Solomon Islands

International environmental organizations have an increasing commitment to the development of conservation programs in high-diversity regions where indigenous communities maintain customary rights to their lands and seas. A major challenge that these programs face is the alignment of international conservation values with those of the indigenous communities whose cooperation and support are vital. International environmental organizations are focused on biodiversity conservation, but local communities often have a different range of concerns and interests, only some of which relate to biodiversity. One solution to this problem involves adoption of a cultural landscape approach as the ethical and organizational foundation of the conservation program. In our conservation work in coastal Melanesia, we have developed a cultural landscape approach that involves the construction of a conceptual model of environment that reflects the indigenous perceptions of landscape. This model incorporates cultural, ideational, and spiritual values alongside other ecosystem services and underpins the conservation activities, priorities, and organizational structure of our programs. This cultural landscape model was a reaction to a survey of environmental values conducted by our team in which Solomon Islanders reported far greater interest in conserving cultural heritage sites than any other ecosystem resources. This caused a radical rethinking of community-based conservation programs. The methodologies we adopted are derived from the fields of archaeology and historical anthropology, in which there is an established practice of working through research problems within the framework of indigenous concepts of, and relationship to, landscape. In our work in Isabel Province, Solomon Islands, coastal communities have enthusiastically adopted conservation programs that are based on cultural landscape models that recognize indigenous values. A particularly useful tool is the Cultural Heritage Module, which identifies cultural heritage sites that become targets of conservation management and that are used as part of a holistic framework for thinking about broader conservation values

CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: A SIMULATION STUDY

The literature on tourism and climate change lacks an analysis of the global changes in tourism demand. Here a simulation model of international tourism is presented that fills that gap. The current pattern of international tourist flows is modelled using 1995 data on departures and arrivals for 207 countries. Using this basic model the impact on arrivals and departures through changes in population, per capita income and climate change are analysed. In the medium to long term, tourism will grow, however the growth from climate change is smaller than for population and income changes.Tourism demand, climate change, global model

THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

We present a simulation model of the flow of tourists between 207 countries. The model almost perfectly reproduces the calibration year 1995, and performs well in reproducing the observations for 1980, 1985 and 1990. The model is used to generate scenarios of international tourist departures and arrivals for the period 2000-2075, with particular emphasis on climate change. The growth rate of international tourism is projected to increase over the coming decades, but may slow down later in the century as demand for travel saturates. Emissions of carbon dioxide would increase fast as well. With climate change, preferred destinations would shift to higher latitudes and altitudes. Tourists from temperate climates would spend more holidays in their home countries. As such tourists currently dominate the international tourism market, climate change would decrease worldwide tourism. The effects of climate change, however, are small compared to the baseline projections.International tourism, climate change impacts, carbon dioxide emissions, scenarios

Climate preferences and destination choice: a segmentation approach

A data set of the holiday destination choices of German tourists is segmented using phase in the life cycle; second, holiday motivation and holiday activities and third, the region of residency. For each segment demand is estimated using data on environmental and economic characteristics of countries. The optimal temperature, where demand peaks, ranges from 22°C to 24°C across the segments. More interestingly, the steepness of the temperature demand relationship is different for different segments. Even though the temperature optima are similar, changes in temperature, for example caused by climate change will have a larger effect on demand depending on the steepness of the temperature-demand relationship. A climate index is calculated for each country using climate data and the respective coefficients from the estimated demand equations. The climate index values are different across the segments: the segment containing those tourists who were swimming and sunbathing while on holiday has the highest index values of all of the segments.tourism demand, segmentation, climate preferences

Observations of a midlatitude squall line boundary layer wake

Includes bibliographical references (pages 90-93).June 1987.Mesoscale pressure perturbations frequently observed with mesoscale convective systems (MCS) are examined with special emphasis on the characteristics, structure, lifecycle and driving mechanism of the "wake depression" found in the wake region of the convection. A severe squall line which traversed the OK PRE-STORM surface and upper air mesonetwork on 10-11 June 1985 is the focus of this observational study. Extensive surface, upper air and digitized radar data collected during the OK PRE-STORM field experiment were used for analysis. Various mesoanalyses of this squall line at the surface and aloft have allowed for intensive examination of three pressure features observed with this squall line: the mesohigh, wake depression and pre-squall mesolow. Their relationship to and interaction with other meteorological parameters such as precipitation, temperature, potential temperature and moisture are explored. Furthermore, the mesoscale system-relative "jets" observed with midlatitude squall lines are examined for their possible influence on the pressure field. The mesohigh develops quickly during the early growth of the squall line and precedes the wake depression by several hours. The predominant mesohigh is linked to the formation of a large cold pool which developed as a result of widespread hail and intense rainfall from a supercell ahead of the young squall line. Analyses show that the wake depression is not a uniform, stagnant feature behind the mesohigh but has embedded small-scale features, a distinct lifecycle and can undergo rapid intensification. The wake depression also is related to some aspects of the squall line's precipitation pattern. The low consistently "hugs" the back edge of the stratiform precipitation and is observed to split into two separate lows as the convective line splits. Additionally, the wake depression is a hydrostatic response to a layer of warm, dry air (produced by subsidence) found just above the surface. It is suggested that the wake depression is in part a surface manifestation of forced subsidence by the descending rear inflow jet.Sponsored by the National Science Foundation - ATM-8507961

'Puma' Grapefruit

'Puma' is a high quality, productive citrus hybrid resulting from a cross between pummelo and grapefuit (C. grandis x C. paradisi L.). The cross was made and resulting hybrid seedlings grown by the Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii