Dynamic Optimization of Network Routing Problem through Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)

Search Based Software Engineering (SBSE) is a new paradigm of Software engineering, which considers software engineering problems as search problems and emphasizes to find out optimal solution for the given set of available solutions using metaheuristic techniques like hill climbing simulated annealing, evolutionary programming and tabu search. On the other hand AI techniques like Swarm particle optimization and Ant colony optimization (ACO) are used to find out solutions for dynamic problems. SBSE is yet not used for dynamic problems. In this study ACO techniques are applied on SBSE problem by considering Network routing problem as case study, in which the nature of problem is dynamic. Keywords: SBSE, ACO, Metaheuristic search techniques, dynamic optimizatio

Correlation functions for extended mass galaxy clusters

The phenomenon of clustering of galaxies on the basis of correlation functions in an expanding Universe is studied by using equation of state, taking gravitational interaction between galaxies of extended nature into consideration. The partial differential equation for the extended mass structures of a two-point correlation function developed earlier by Iqbal, Ahmad and Khan is studied on the basis of assigned boundary conditions. The solution for the correlation function for extended structures satisfies the basic boundary conditions, which seem to be sufficient for understanding the phenomena, and provides a new insight into the gravitational clustering problem for extended mass structures.Comment: 3 pages, no figure

Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluations of Novel Heterobimetallic Platinum(II)–Gold(I) Complexes as Bio-imaging Agents.

Introduction: Platinum-based drugs have become a mainstay of cancer therapy, approximately half of all patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment receive a platinum drug. Despite the pervasiveness of platinum drugs in cancer treatment regimens, a number of attendant disadvantages such as resistance to some cancer types and side effects exist. Gold complexes are also emerging as a new class of metal complexes with outstanding cytotoxic properties and are presently being evaluated as potential antitumor agents. Methods and Results: Here, some novel heterobimetallic platinum(II)–gold(I) complexes were synthesized and their cytotoxic activities against different human cancer cell lines such as A549 (human lung cancer), SKOV3 (human ovarian cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer) were evaluated. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay and molecular modeling investigations have been performed to determine the specific binding mode or the binding orientation of these compounds to DNA. Molecular docking studies of them on DNA were performed by means of AutoDock 4.2. Fluorescence emission properties of them were assessed using fluorescent microscopy imaging. In comparison to cis-platin, these compounds displayed significantly higher in vitro cytotoxicity on the studied cell lines. They enter SKOV3 cells rapidly, retaining their phosphorescence and localise simultaneously in cytoplasm, especially in perinuclear regions. So they are suitable candidates for time resolved emission imaging microscopy (TREM). Electrophoresis mobility shift assay showed a little shift and little interaction with plasmid DNA, though this shift is not as much as cis-platin. They may exert their cytotoxic effect through a different mechanism. Conclusions: According to the results, careful drug design would result in producing potential antitumor agents with high efficacy. These Pt(II)-Au(I) complexes can be used in biological labelling and cellular imaging studies, due to desirable absorption and emission of them in solution under ambient conditions. Hence, they had a potential value for drug development as anticancer agents

Effects of repeated intravitreal bevacizumab administration on anterior segment parameters and limbal stem cells

Background: Macular edema (ME) is fluid accumulation in the macula caused by vascular leakage. Repeated intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections are extensively used to treat ME of different origins, are well tolerated, and have few side effects. This study evaluated the effects of repeated IVB injections on the anterior segment parameters and limbal stem cells (LSCs) in eyes with ME. Methods: This before–after study involved patients with ME of different causes who underwent repeated IVB injections at the Imam Khomeini Ophthalmology Center in Kermanshah, Iran. Before and after repeated IVB injections, anterior segment parameters were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and the LSCs were assessed using impression cytology. Results: We enrolled 42 eyes of 42 patients with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 59.6 (7.6) years, of whom 25 (59.5%) were men and 17 (40.5%) were women. The underlying diseases included diabetic ME in 30 eyes (71.4%), central (5 [11.9%]) or branch (3 [7.1%]) retinal vein occlusion, and choroidal neovascularization in 4 eyes (9.5%). The right eye was affected in 22 (52.4%) participants. The mean (SD) number of IVB injections was 4.3 (1.3). After repeated injections, the mean central corneal thickness (CCT) increased, whereas the mean anterior chamber angle (ACA) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) decreased (all P<0.001). Three patients developed LSC deficiency after repeated IVB injections for diabetic ME. Conclusions: We observed a significant increase in the mean CCT and a decrease in the mean ACA and ACD after repeated IVB injections in our series. Three patients developed LSC deficiency after repeated IVB injections for diabetic ME management. The observed effect on LSC may cast doubt on the safety of repeated IVB injections; however, this finding must be verified in multicenter clinical trials with longer follow-up periods and larger study samples

N-Benzyl-4-hy­droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxamide

In the title mol­ecule, C17H16N2O4S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.546 (4) and 0.281 (4) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The two aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 42.32 (11)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are linked via a series of C—H⋯O inter­actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network

3,4-Dimethyl-2-(2-oxo-2-phenyl­eth­yl)-2H,4H-pyrazolo­[4,3-c][1,2]benzothia­zine-5,5-dione

In the title mol­ecule, C19H17N3O3S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.530 (5) and 0.229 (6) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The ethanone group lies at an angle of 3.8 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring, which lies almost perendicular to the pyrazole ring, with a dihedral between the two planes of 89.22 (11)°. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are present

Students' Attitude towards Note-taking and Reading Pamphlets/handouts in Courses

Background: the inappropriate use of handouts and notes is a common academic problem among students. Students' notes are too brief and incomplete in compare with references; hence they may not cover the required content for the courses. The aim of this paper is to analyze students' attitude toward reading handouts and notes instead of references. Methods: In this analytical and descriptive study a representative sample of 201participants, including medical, paramedical, nursing and midwifery students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, has been drawn. The data derived from this research has been collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire. There have been 39 questions in the questionnaire ranging from 1 to 5, based on Likert scale; five represents that students are proponent of reading notes. The sum of scores was 20; the 16th version of SPSS, T-test, one-way and two-way variance analysis at significance level pFindings: 66.7% of participants were female. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among the mean of attitudes of medical students (18.15±1.37), nursing (17.15±1.46), and paramedical (17.67±1.35) (P=0.008). The overall results revealed that the huge amount of content of references is the main factor for students' tendency to use notes instead of references. Conclusion: the final result was that students have got positive attitude to note-taking during courses and use their notes as their direct reference material, while the class notes are not reasonably efficient, particularly when used as the main learning strategy

3-[Hy­droxy(3-meth­oxy­phen­yl)methyl­idene]-2-(2-oxo-2-phenyl­eth­yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-1,1,4-trione

In the title mol­ecule, C24H19NO6S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.180 (5) and 0.497 (5) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The benzene rings of the benzothia­zine unit and the meth­oxy­phenyl group are almost coplanar, with the dihedral angle between the mean planes of these rings being 5.9 (2)°, while the benzene ring of the 2-oxo-2-phenyl­ethyl group is inclined at 79.68 (11) and 81.01 (10)°, respectively, to these rings. The mol­ecular structure is consolidated by intra­molecular O—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions, and the crystal packing is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

N-Acetonylsaccharin

In the title compound [systematic name: 2-(2-oxoprop­yl)-1,2-benzothia­zol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide], C10H9NO4S, the benzo­thia­zole unit is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.0490 (9) Å for the S atom] and the oxopropyl group is inclined at an angle 75.61 (8)° with respect to its mean plane. In the crystal, mol­ecules are held together by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O non-classical hydrogen bonds, resulting in centrosymmetric dimeric units, forming 14-membered ring systems which may be described as R 2 2(14) ring motifs. Moreover, mol­ecules lying about inversion centers show π–π inter­actions, with centroid–centroid separations between the benzene rings of 3.676 (2) Å