Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects of Ardisia crispa Thunb. D.C

Ardisia crispa Thunb D.C (Myrsinaceae), has long been used in treating various ailments among the local villagers. The objective of this study was to investigate experimentally the possible anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic properties of Ardisia crispa. The effect of hexane fraction of ethanolic extract of root of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. The root extract at 3-300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition in carrageenan-induced oedema in rats with a maximum of 93.34% at 300 mg/ kg. There was a significant (p<0.001) inhibition in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia with ACRH 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory observed with the extract were comparable to that of standard. The present study indicates that the hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects

Gastroprotective effect of Acanthopanax trifoliatus on experimentally induced acute ulcer in rats

This study is aimed to evaluate anti-ulcerogenic effect of ethanolic extract of Acanthopanax trifoliatus leaves (EAT) in acute ulcer induced by absolute ethanol and NSAID (diclofenac) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to determine the possible involvement of either suflhydryl group or nitric oxide group in it's pathway. The result of the preliminary study showed that EAT did not give any ulcerogenic effect in the rat's stomach. For the gastroprotective study, EAT was shown to have substantial gastroprotective effect on the gastric mucosa of SD rats induced by absolute ethanol at dose 300 mg/kg with a tendency for the activity to be comparable to the standard drug, lansoprazole. Whereas for ulcer induced by NSAID (diclofenac), the extract does not seem to have a significant gastroprotective activity at the dosages used. Investigation of the possible mechanism behind the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the EAT was done using L-NAME (a NO synthase inhibitor) and NEM (a sulfhydryl blocker) in ethanol-induced ulcer models pre-treated with EAT at higher dose (500mg/kg). The previous administration of L-NAME did not reduce the anti-ulcerogenic activity of EAT in ethanol induced ulcer model, suggesting that the pharmacological mechanism has no relationship with NO. On the other hand, pre-treatment with NEM reduced the anti-ulcerogenic activity of EAT on ethanol induced-ulcer model. This result suggests that EAT has active substances that increase the mucosal non-protein sulfhydryl groups which contribute.to the extract's gastroprotective effect

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanolic extract of Pluchea indica (L) less leaf

Ethanolic extract of Pluchea indica leaf (PIL) was used to investigate its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities by using carrageenan - induced oedema model and acetic acid induced writhing test. PIL exhibited significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg when administered orally. It is also demonstrated that the i.p administration of PIL at a dose of 10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of abdominal constriction induced with 0.6% (v/v) acetic acid in dose dependent manner. These results indicate that PIL exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects

Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of Ardisia crispa Thunb. D.C

Ardisia crispa Thunb D.C (Myrsinaceae), has long been used in treating various ailments among the local villagers. The objective of this study was to investigate experimentally the possible anti-ulcer activity of Ardisia crispa. The effect of hexane fraction of root of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) was evaluated in experimental ulcer models with necrotizing agents ie ethanol, NaCl, HCl, NaOH and also COX-1 inhibitor namely indomethacin as inducers. Four doses ie 10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg were selected for further study. Ulcer effects were determined by counting the total surface area of lesion in mm 2 . Results showed that ACRH provided significant protection in various experimental models used. Pretreatment with ACRH at all doses (10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg) has produced significant inhibition of gastric mucosal damage induced by 80% EtOH and 25% NaCl, whilst at 30, 100 and 300 mg/ kg, ACRH significantly reduced the lesion formation in ulcer induced by 0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and 30 mg/kg indomethacin. The present study indicates that the hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) exhibits significant anti-ulcer effect

Angiogenesis inhibitors from natural sources

A multi-target strategies targeting on various biochemical and physiological pathways implicated in tumour pathogenesis should be developed with the ultimate aim to manage patients with cancer and reduce the normal-tissue toxicity. Tumor angiogenesis has been recently discovered as an important strategy in treating cancer as most tumors rely on angiogenesis to survive, develop, invade and metastasize. Targeting angiogenesis to inhibit the progression of tumorigenesis has recently been a focus in developing novel anti-cancer development. This is mainly due to the specificity that anti-angiogenic possesses: it targets on newly-formed blood vessels and spares the existing ones. With that being said, inhibiting angiogenesis is now considered a promising strategy in the development and selection of new anti-cancer drug candidates. To date, there are cytotoxic drugs which also exhibit antiangiogenic activity but not angiogenesis inhibitors in whole. In this chapter, we will be discussing selected natural sources including marine products which have been investigated for their antiangiogenic activities. Various methods in validating the effects as well as their possible multiple pathways will also be contended in this chapter

Anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa Thunb. D.C

Hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa root (ACHE) was used to investigate its anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities in this study. For anti-inflammatory activity, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was applied to ear of mice to induce oedema and treated with 0.5,1 and 2mg/ear of ACHE topically. In cotton-pellet granuloma test, treated groups have received 3, 10, 30 and 100mg/kg of hexane extract administered orally for 7 days. For antipyretic activity, brewer's yeast was injected in mice to induce fever and later, ACHE at dose ranging from 10 to 300 mg/kg were administered to the rats orally. The results exhibited that 1 and 2mg/ear of ACHE produced significant suppression by 19.9% and 20.2% respectively. the lowest dose of ACHE showed no significant effect when compared with control. Results showed that ACHE showed significant anti-pyretic effect at all doses (10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg). At 30, 100 and 300mg/kg, ACHE even exhibited higher efficacy when compared with 100 mg/kg acetaminophen. ACHE also elicited a significant (P<0.05) inhibition of granuloma tissue and exudate formation. Thus, it can be concluded that Ardisia crispa posseses antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects

Evaluation of gastroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth

This work was carried out to investigate the anti-ulcerogenic activity of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in necrotizing agent ie (ethanol, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid) and indomethacin-induced models in rats. The 70% of ethanolic extract of aerial part of Peperomia pellucida (PPE) was prepared. Four doses ie 10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg were selected for further study. Ulcer effects were determined by counting the total surface area of lesion in mm2. Results showed that PPE provided significant protection in various experimental models used. Pretreatment with the PPE at all doses (10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg) has produced significant inhibition of gastric mucosal damage induced by 80% EtOH, 25% NaCl, 0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and 30 mg/kg indomethacin. The result suggests that PPE possesses anti-ulcer properties

Suppression of DMBA/croton oil-induced mouse skin tumor promotion by Ardisia crispa root hexane extract

Ardisia crispa (Family: Myrsinaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for various ailments. Previous studies showed that Ardisia crispa possesses antimetastatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, research done on the plant is still limited. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the suppression effect of Ardisia crispa root hexane (ACRH) extract on 7, 12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mice skin tumor promotion in ICR mice with topical application twice weekly for 10 weeks. Results showed significant difference between treatment groups (mice treated with 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of ACRH extract; denoted as group I, II and III respectively) for tumor incidence and tumor burden (P<0.05). Significant reduction in tumor incidence (20%), tumor burden (1.5 ± 0.50), tumor volume (2.49 ± 1.70) and delayed latency period of tumor formation was observed in group I (30 mg/kg) in comparison to carcinogen control. This study indicates that ACRH extract could be a promising skin tumor promotion suppressing agent at a lower dosage (30 mg/kg). Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s) leading to this effect

Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic acitivities of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr leaves

Context: Acanthopanax trifoliatus is a ginseng-like plant, which has been widely used to treat various diseases including inflammatory-related diseases. Aims: The present study has been designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects of various fractions of Acanthopanax trifoliatus leaves ethanolic extract in rats. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was studied by using carrageenan-induced edema on rat paw whilst anti-hyperalgesic was assessed by using carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia on plantar test. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using Student t-test to compare with control.Multiple comparisons for difference between control and extract-treated groups were evaluated by Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test. P values less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) is considered significant. Results: Among three different fractions i.e., hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol tested, methanolic fraction displayed the most potent fraction amongst those three. It gave significant anti-inflammatory effect at highest dose, 500 mg/kg, with 77.24% of inhibition. Whilst for anti-hyperalgesic activity, methanolic fraction showed the highest efficacy at 375 mg/kg. Administration of methanolic fraction of Acanthopanax trifoliatus inhibited paw edema in a dose- dependent manner. The inhibition for both activities might be due to possible composition of polar compounds, which are flavonoids and phenolics content. Conclusions: Methanol fraction of Acanthopanax trifoliatus leaves has potential effect as anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesia in acute inflammation model

Antiarthritic and gastroprotective activities of Ardisia crispa root partially mediated via its antioxidant effect

Background Ardisia crispa Thunb A.DC (Myrsinaceae), commonly known as "hen's eyes", has been traditionally used in treating various inflammatory diseases. The present study evaluated anti-arthritic, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of Ardisia crispa root hexane extract (ACRH) in various animal models. Methods Anti-arthritic activity was evaluated in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced adjuvant arthritis and gastroprotective effect was studied in the ethanol-induced ulcer model in rats. ACRH was further isolated to yield quinone-rich fraction (QRF) and both were analyzed for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in various antioxidant assays. Both ACRH and QRF were also analyzed for the quinone composition via gas chromatography analysis. Results ACRH exerted significant reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α at a lower dose range in CFA-induced arthritis, as well as exhibited its cytoprotective effect against ethanol-induced ulcer lesion via involvement of mucosal nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) groups. ACRH also showed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as better antioxidant activities than QRF. Conclusions These findings demonstrated the plant as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, with ACRH succeeded in inhibiting both arthritic and ulcerogenic effect, possibly mediated via its antioxidant effect