Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet TG 32 NE (Lessingham) : part of 1:50 000 sheet 148 (North Walsham)

The following report is designed to be used in conjunction with 1 : 10 000 Geological Sheet TG 32 NE. Uncoloured copies of the map may be purchased fkom the Survey's headquarters at Keyworth. The district covered by the map is included in 1 : 50 000 Geological Sheet 148 (North Walsham). It formed part of Old Series One-Inch sheet 68 E, and was surveyed at a scale of 1 : 63 360 by C Reid in 1877-1878. The district was resurveyed at 1 : 10 000 scale by the present author in 1995, with Dr I R Basham as regional geologist. The area lies to the north-east of Norwich, and just touches the coast at Cart Gap which lies between Happisburgh to the north and Eccles on Sea to the east (Figure 1). The market town of S t a b lies on the southern border of the district, and the villages of Inghm and Lessingham lie within the eastern part of the district. The remainder of the district is rural, and includes parts of the parishes of Brumstead and East Ruston. No major rivers drain the district, but the River Ant passes just to the west; this flows southwards into the area known as the Norfolk Broads to join the Bure and ultimately drains to the sea at Great Yarmouth. The un-named steam which flows to the east of Lessingham rises just to the north-east of the district and continues southwards via the New Cut, Horsey Mere, Meadow Dyke, Heigham Sound and the River Thme to join the Bure at Thurne

Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet TG 22 NE (Westwick) : part of 1:50 000 sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsham)

The following report is designed to be used in conjunction with 1 : 10 000 Geological Sheet TG 22 NE. Uncoloured copies of the map may be purchased fiom the Survey's offices at Keyworth. The district covered by the map is included in 1 : 50 000 Geological Sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsh). It formed part of Old Series One-Inch sheet 68E, and was surveyed at a scale of 1 : 63 360 by H B Woodward in 1879. An accompanying memoir was published (Reid, 1882). The district was resurveyed at 1 : 10 000 scale by the present author in 1996-7, with Dr I R B a s h as regional geologist. The area lies to the north of Norwich (Figure 1). The market town of North Walsham extends onto the northern part of the sheet, and Worstead into the south-eastern corner. Apart fiom this the area is predominantly rural, with the small settlements of Westwick, Swanton Abbott and Skeyton in the south. In the north of the area the land rises to a plateau, with maximum altitudes of over 40m OD at Lord Anson's Wood [26 281 and North Walsham [28 291. Small streams drain this plateau to the west, south and east, including Skeyton Beck in the northwest and Stakebridge and Westwick becks in the south. All are tributaries of the River Bure, which flows into the area known as the Norfolk Broads and ultimately drains to the sea at Great Ymouh. In the east the ground drops away rapidly into the valley of the River Ant, a major tributary of the Bure. In general the high plateau formed by the sands of the Corton Formation, which is very well drained, forms poor agricultural land and is traditionally grazed by sheep, hence the importance in medieval times of cloth manufxture in the village of Worstead. Nowadays much of this higher land is given over to commercial woodland and pheasant rearing. The remainder is wed for arable crops but requires intensive irrigation. However, some areas of the Corton Formation outcrop, particularly at lower levels, are covered by up to rather more than a metre of cover silt, and these areas, along with the outcrop of the Crag Group, produce excellent agricultural land, neither too heavy nor too light. Large crops of wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes are grown, and owing to the water-retentive properties of the cover silt, little artificial irrigation is required despite the low rainfall in this part of the country. The alluvium and peat outcrops of the Stakebridge Beck and Westwick Beck are given over to woodland and permanent pasture, grazed by cattle, sheep and horses. National Grid References in this report are given in square brackets; these all fall within 100- kilometre square TG. All depths and thicknesses in the report are given in metres. The nonconfidential water wells and boreholes in the district are shown on Figure 2; identification numbers quoted are those of the BGS records collection, in which they are prefixed TG 22 NE. Complete logs of the non-confidential wells and boreholes can be obtained fiom BGS Information Services (Geological Records) at Keyworth

Geological notes and local details for 1:10 000 sheet TG 22 SE (Scottow) : part of 1:50000 sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsham)

The following report is designed to be used in conjunction with 1 : 10 000 Geological Sheet TG 22 SE. Uncoloured copies of the map may be purchased fiom the Survey's offices at Keyworth. The district covered by the map is included in 1 : 50 000 Geological Sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsham). It formed part of Old Series One-Inch sheets 66 NE and 68E, and was surveyed at a scale of 1 : 63 360 by H B Woodward in 1875-1880. Accompanying memoirs were published (Reid, 1882; Woodward, 1881). The district was resurveyed at 1 : 10 000 scale by the present author in 1995-6, with Dr I R Basham as regional geologist. The area lies to the north-east of Norwich (Figure 1). The area is predominantly rural, although RAF Coltishall occupies a significant part of the western half of the district. The village of Coltishall straddles the southern margin of the district, and the smaller villages of Tunstead and Sloley straddle the eastern margin. Smaller settlements include Scottow and Sco Ruston in the east and Little Hautbois in the west. The river Bure flows across the south-west corner of the district fiom north-west to south-east, but has no signicant tributaries. It flows eastwards into the area known as the Norfolk Broads and ultimately drains to the sea at Great Yarmouth. North-east of the valley of the Bure, the land takes the form of a plateau rising to a maximum of just above 25m OD north of Scottow [280 2401, with the River Bure lying below 5m OD. Two almost dry valleys cut the platmu to drain south-westward into the Bure, while along the northern margin of the area the valley of Stakebridge Beck drains south-westwards into the Bure. The smaller valley in the north-east drains eastwards into the River Ant, and thence into the Bure. Generally, the Breydon Formation peats form flat marshlands at or just below river level. The area underlain by Upper Chalk at rockhead slopes gently up to around 7m OD, the Crag outcrop has significantly steeper slopes, and the Corton Formation forms the almost flat plateau surfac

Geological notes and local details for 1:10000 sheet TG 21 NE (Belaugh) : part of 1:50 000 sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsham)

The following report is designed to be used in conjunction with 1 : 10 000 Geological Sheet TG 21 NE. Uncoloured copies of the map may be purchased fiom the Survey's offices at Keyworth. The district covered by the map is included in 1 : 50 000 Geological Sheets 147 (Aylsham) and 148 (North Walsham). It formed part of Old Series One-Inch sheet 66 NE, which was surveyed at a scale of 1 : 63 360 by H B Woodward in 1875-1880. An accompanying memoir was published (Woodward, 1881). The district was resurveyed at 1 : 10 000 scale by the present author in 1995-6, with Dr I R Basham as regional geologist. The area lies to the north-east of Norwich (Figure 1). The town of Wroxham lies on the eastern margin of the area, with Coltishall and Horstead along the northern margin, and Spixworth in the south-west. Smaller settlements within the district include Belaugh and Crostwick, while the bulk of the district is mal. The river Bure flows across the district fiom north to east, but has no signicant tributaries. It flows eastwards into the area known as the Norfolk Broads and ultimately drains to the sea at Great Yarmouth. The land takes the form of a heavily dissected plateau, rising locally to a maximum of 26m OD [2880 15291, with the River Bure below 5m. Generally, the Breydon Formation peats form flat marshlands at or just below river level. The area underlain by Upper Chalk at rockhead slopes gently up to around 7m OD, the Crag outcrop has significantly steeper slopes, and the Corton Formation forms the almost flat plateau surface. The plateau of the Corton Formatioq which is locally covered by up to rather more than a metre of cover silt, produces excellent agricultural land, neither too heavy nor too li&t. Large crops of wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes are grown, and owing to the water-retentive properties of the cover silt, little artificial irrigation is required despite the low rainfall in this part of the country. However, the land underlain by the Crag and Upper Chalk are very well draiied and form relatively poor arable land, requiring much artificial irrigation. Much of this land is wooded and used for commercial shooting. The floodplain of the Bure is given over to pemnanent pasture, which is largely grazed by cattle. This floodplain lies at an artificially low level as a result of shrinkage of the ground owing to drainage: the peats within the Breydon Formation are particularly prone to shrinkage and oxidation on drying. National Grid References in this report are given in square brackets; these all fall within 100- kilometre square TG. All depths and thicknesses in the report are given in metres. The nonconfidential water wells and boreholes in the district are shown on Figure 2; identification numbers quoted are those of the BGS records collection, in which they are prefmed TG 21 NE. Complete logs of the non-confidential wells and boreholes can be obtained fiom BGS Information Services (Geological Records) at Keyworth

A lithostratigraphical framework for onshore Quaternary and Neogene (Tertiary) superficial deposits of Great Britain and the Isle of Man

This report presents the proposed BGS lithostratigraphical framework for the onshore Quaternary and Neogene (Tertiary) superficial deposits of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the Isle of Man. The objective of the report is to provide a practical framework to aid future Quaternary correlation, mapping and research, and a stratigraphical scheme capable of use in a wide variety of applications. An overview of the framework was published by McMillan et al. (2005). A framework that utilises the full hierarchy of the stratigraphical code (supergroup, group, subgroup, formation and smaller units) is proposed. Although the framework is built around the formation, the primary unit for mapping and correlation, it is recommended that some classes of lithogenetically-defined deposits are not accorded formational status. However, at group level the scheme embraces all Quaternary and Neogene (Tertiary) superficial deposits, thus enabling a coded lithostratigraphical superscript to be applied to every Quaternary map symbol defined in the BGS Specifications for the preparation of 1:10 000 scale geological maps (Ambrose, 2000). The map specifications are based upon the lithogenetic classification of Quaternary deposits, as outlined in BGS Rock Classification Scheme (RCS) for artificial and natural superficial deposits (McMillan and Powell, 1999). In parts of Great Britain lithostratigraphical mapping at formation level can be regarded only as a long-term objective. Products such as lithostratigraphical maps, cross-sections and three-dimensional models may therefore be regarded as an evolving layer in the geological model. The unified lithostratigraphical framework for onshore Quaternary deposits is designed to be of use for regional mapping and correlation and may also be of relevance for regional hydrogeological and geotechnical applications. For example the lithostratigraphical classification can be used to enhance geological and hydrogeological domains maps and models depicting landform–sediment associations (McMillan et al., 2000). The current report is based upon a review of published literature (including BGS geological maps and reports), and expert local knowledge. Extensive reference is made to the Geological Society (London) Special Report No. 23 — A revised correlation of Quaternary deposits in the British Isles (Bowen, 1999)

A new stratigraphy for the glacial deposits around Lowestoft, Great Yarmouth, North Walsham and Cromer, East Anglia, UK

A new stratigraphical model for the glacial deposits around Lowestoft, Great Yarmouth, North Walsham and Cromer (east of Weybourne and Edgefield) is presented, based on a combined research programme by the British Geological Survey and the Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London. This stratigraphical model is founded upon evidence derived from sedimentological descriptions, geological mapping and analytical lithological techniques including clast lithological analysis, derived pre- Quaternary palynomorphs and heavy mineralogy. The previously accepted ‘North Sea Drift’ / ‘Lowestoft Formation’ scheme is abandoned in favour of four formations that relate to assemblages of till units and associated outwash lithofacies, the mapping of major discontinuities, and morpho- and tectono-stratigraphical associations. The new scheme consists of the Happisburgh, redefined Lowestoft, Sheringham Cliffs and Briton’s Lane formations

The Croft Borehole in the Lilleshall Inlier of north Shropshire

1.75SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:1947-5903(BGS-R--19(pt.3)) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Geology of the Wellington district : a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 311 Wellington

This Sheet Explanation provides a summary of the geology of the Wellington district, the area covered by 1:50 000 scale geological Sheet 311 (England and Wales). It also provides directions to further geological information about the district. The district includes parts of the counties of Somerset and Devon, within the local authority districts of Taunton Deane, South Somerset, Mid Devon and East Devon. The principal centres of population are the towns of Wellington and Chard, the southern outskirts of Taunton in the north and the western part of Ilminster in the east. Much of the district is occupied by the northern and central parts of the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), which was designated in 1991. The topography of the district is dominated by the Blackdown Hills (front cover), a dissected plateau that rises steeply to a maximum elevation of 315 m above Ordnance Datum south of the gently undulating Vale of Taunton Deane. In the northwest the ground rises to around 160 m. North and east of the Blackdown Hills complex, rivers such as the Isle and Tone flow north-westwards and west towards the Bristol Channel. Within the south of the Blackdown Hills, the rivers Culm, Axe, Otter and Yarty drain southwards towards the English Channel (Figure 1)

Revised Pre-Devensian glacial stratigraphy in Norfolk, England, based on mapping and till provenance

Mapping combined with till provenance studies have resulted in a re-appraisal of the pre-Devensian glacial stratigraphy of Norfolk, England. The traditional model invoked two formations, a North Sea Drift Formation (NSDF) overlain by a Lowestoft Formation, formed by co-existing icesheets originating in Scandinavia and Northern Britain respectively. The NSDF included three diamictons, the First, Second and Third Cromer tills. The Briton’s Lane Sands and Gravels were considered to overlie the Lowestoft Formation. However, our work has shown this stratigraphy to be untenable, and we propose a model of several glaciations instead of co-existing ice-sheets. In our revised stratigraphy, the oldest formation, the Happisburgh Formation (including the Happisburgh or First Cromer Till) includes massive, sandy tills derived from northern Britain. The overlying Lowestoft Formation, including the Second Cromer (Walcott) Till is confirmed as derived from the west, introducing much Jurassic material as well as Chalk. The Sheringham Cliffs Formation includes both brown sandy tills (the Third Cromer Till) and ‘marly drift’, in a variety of tectonic relationships, and derived from the north and NNW. Finally the Briton’s Lane Formation is the only formation to include Scandinavian erratics. Dating of the four formations is at varying levels of confidence, with the Lowestoft Formation most confidently confirmed as MIS 12. The Happisburgh Formation is believed to represent an earlier glaciation, and MIS 16 is proposed. The Sheringham Cliffs Formation is tentatively believed to date from MIS 10, and the Briton’s Lane Formation is assigned to MIS 6

Geology of the Wellington district : a brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 311 Wellington

This Sheet Explanation provides a summary of the geology of the Wellington district, the area covered by 1:50 000 scale geological Sheet 311 (England and Wales). It also provides directions to further geological information about the district. The district includes parts of the counties of Somerset and Devon, within the local authority districts of Taunton Deane, South Somerset, Mid Devon and East Devon. The principal centres of population are the towns of Wellington and Chard, the southern outskirts of Taunton in the north and the western part of Ilminster in the east. Much of the district is occupied by the northern and central parts of the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), which was designated in 1991. The topography of the district is dominated by the Blackdown Hills (front cover), a dissected plateau that rises steeply to a maximum elevation of 315 m above Ordnance Datum south of the gently undulating Vale of Taunton Deane. In the northwest the ground rises to around 160 m. North and east of the Blackdown Hills complex, rivers such as the Isle and Tone flow north-westwards and west towards the Bristol Channel. Within the south of the Blackdown Hills, the rivers Culm, Axe, Otter and Yarty drain southwards towards the English Channel (Figure 1)