Avalanche related damage potential - changes of persons and mobile values since the mid-twentieth century, case study Galtür

When determining risk related to natural hazard processes, many studies neglect the investigations of the damage potential or are limited to the assessment of immobile values like buildings. However, persons as well as mobile values form an essential part of the damage potential. Knowledge of the maximum number of exposed persons in an endangered area is of great importance for elaborating evacuation plans and immediate measures in case of catastrophes. In addition, motor vehicles can also be highly damaged, as was shown by the analysis of avalanche events. With the removal of mobile values in time as a preventive measure this kind of damage can be minimised. <P style='line-height: 20px;'> This study presents a method for recording the maximum number of exposed persons and monetarily assessing motor vehicles in the municipality of Galt&#252;r (Tyrol, Austria). Moreover, general developments of the damage potential due to significant socio-economic changes since the mid-twentieth century are pointed out in the study area. The present situation of the maximum number of persons and mobile values in the official avalanche hazard zones of the municipality is described in detail. Information on the number of persons is derived of census data, tourism and employment statistics. During the winter months, a significant increase overlaid by strong short-term fluctuation in the number of persons can be noted. These changes result from a higher demand of tourism related manpower as well as from varying occupancy rates. The number of motor vehicles in endangered areas is closely associated to the number of exposed persons. The potential number of motor vehicles is investigated by means of mapping, statistics on the stock of motor vehicles and the density distribution. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of the investigated damage potential are pointed out. The recording of the number of persons and mobile values in endangered areas is vital for any disaster management

Fluctuations in Hadronic and Nuclear Collisions

We investigate several fluctuation effects in high-energy hadronic and nuclear collisions through the analysis of different observables. To introduce fluctuations in the initial stage of collisions, we use the Interacting Gluon Model (IGM) modified by the inclusion of the impact parameter. The inelasticity and leading-particle distributions follow directly from this model. The fluctuation effects on rapidity distributions are then studied by using Landau's Hydrodynamic Model in one dimension. To investigate further the effects of the multiplicity fluctuation, we use the Longitudinal Phase-Space Model, with the multiplicity distribution calculated within the hydrodynamic model, and the initial conditions given by the IGM. Forward-backward correlation is obtained in this way.Comment: 22 pages, RevTex, 8 figures (included); Invited paper to the special issue of Foundation of Physics dedicated to Mikio Namiki's 70th. birthda

The large N limit of M2-branes on Lens spaces

We study the matrix model for N M2-branes wrapping a Lens space L(p,1) = S^3/Z_p. This arises from localization of the partition function of the ABJM theory, and has some novel features compared with the case of a three-sphere, including a sum over flat connections and a potential that depends non-trivially on p. We study the matrix model both numerically and analytically in the large N limit, finding that a certain family of p flat connections give an equal dominant contribution. At large N we find the same eigenvalue distribution for all p, and show that the free energy is simply 1/p times the free energy on a three-sphere, in agreement with gravity dual expectations.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figure

Fluctuations of the Initial Conditions and the Continuous Emission in Hydrodynamic Description of Two-Pion Interferometry

Within hydrodynamic approach, we study the Bose-Einstein correlation of identical pions by taking into account both event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions and continuous pion emission during the whole development of the hot and dense matter formed in high-energy collisions. Considerable deviations occur, compared to the usual hydro calculations with smooth initial conditions and a sudden freeze-out on a well defined hypersurface. Comparison with data at RHIC shows that, despite rather rough approximation we used here, this description can give account of the $m_T$ dependence of $R_L$ and $R_s$ and improves considerably the one for $R_o$ with respect to the usual version.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Estimating Hazard Function through Reliability Function and Empirical Methods

In this research, the reliability functions are applied to estimate the hazard function of four used car components (tires, brakes, lights, engine), which are inspected by aperiodic vehicles inspection (PVI) established in Erbil city, as a specialized company that conducts the annual technical inspection of vehicles to detect the failure component, that either require repair or replace it with a new one. For our purpose, the data about the failure components of a sample of size (50000) cars are obtained from the Erbil traffic directorate, which are annually inspected for 11 years (2010 – 2020) by a (PVI) company. From the available data the reliability function, hazard function, and probability density function of failure time of each component are found by the non-parametric method and the estimated Rayleigh distribution since the failure rates of the components are the linear functions of time, also the comparison between their reliability values have made by the mean absolute error method

Numerically improved computational scheme for the optical conductivity tensor in layered systems

The contour integration technique applied to calculate the optical conductivity tensor at finite temperatures in the case of layered systems within the framework of the spin-polarized relativistic screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker band structure method is improved from the computational point of view by applying the Gauss-Konrod quadrature for the integrals along the different parts of the contour and by designing a cumulative special points scheme for two-dimensional Brillouin zone integrals corresponding to cubic systems.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX + 4 figures (Encapsulated PostScript), submitted to J. Phys.: Condensed Matter (19 Sept. 2000

On freeze-out problem in hydro-kinetic approach to A+A collisions

A new method for evaluating spectra and correlations in the hydrodynamic approach is proposed. It is based on an analysis of Boltzmann equations (BE) in terms of probabilities for constituent particles to escape from the interacting system. The conditions of applicability of Cooper-Frye freeze-out prescription are considered within the method. The results are illustrated with a non-relativistic exact solution of BE for expanding spherical fireball as well as with approximate solutions for ellipsoidally expanding ones.Comment: 4 pages including 2 figures, RevTex, stylistic and clarifying corrections are made, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Modalites de consommation et valeur nutritionnelle des legumineuses alimentaires au Burkina Faso

Au Burkina Faso les légumineuses constituent une source importante de nutriments pour les populations. La présente étude a eu pour objectif de déterminer la valeur nutritionnelle et la place des légumineuses dans le régime alimentaire des ménages à Ouagadougou, Kaya, Lebda et Nobéré. La méthodologie a consisté en une enquête de consommation alimentaire auprès de 325 ménages et à déterminer les teneurs en macronutriments et en minéraux fer, zinc et calcium de six (6) variétés de légumineuses. Il en résulte que les principales légumineuses consommées dans les ménages sont l’arachide (Arachis hypogea L.), le niébé (Vigna unguiculata L.), le voandzou (Vigna subterranea L.), le soja (Glycine max L.) et le zamnè (Acacia macrostachya R.). L’arachide, le niébé et le voandzou sont consommées plus 2 à 4 fois dans le mois par l’ensemble des ménages sous forme de mets au sein des ménages tandis que le soja et le zamnè sont consommés hors ménage. A l’exception du voandzou qui est consommé au déjeuner par 38,30% des ménages à Ouagadougou, 60% à Kaya, 66,67% à Lebda et 43,18% à Nobéré, les autres légumineuses sont consommées à tout moment de la journée par plus de 80 % des ménages enquêtés. Les légumineuses niébé, voandzou et zamnè sont consommées sous forme de ragout et de plats associés à des céréales respectivement par 99%, 93% et 76%. L’arachide et le soja sont utilisés comme des ingrédients ou comme des collations. Les légumineuses ont des teneurs importantes en protéines, 35,76%, 31,04%, 27,29%, 22,55% et 20,38% respectivement pour le zamnè, le soja, l’arachide, le niébé et le voandzou. Les teneurs en lipides sont faibles et contribuent à moins de 7% à la valeur énergétique. Le niébé et le voandzou ont des teneurs en carbohydrates élevées, près de 60%. Les teneurs en fer des légumineuses varient de 1,77 mg/100g (voandzou) à 6,50 mg/100g (soja). Celles en zinc varient de 5,34 mg/100 g (zamnè) à 4,33 mg/100g (soja). Le soja et le zamnè ont d’importantes teneurs en calcium, respectivement 57,42 mg/100g et 68,40 mg/100g. Du fait de leur valeur nutritionnelle intéressante en micronutriments ces deux légumineuses nécessitent une attention particulière pour l’enrichissement des produits locaux. La diversification des produits issus de ces légumineuses ainsi que celle des méthodes de consommation au sein des ménages permettront un meilleur profilage de leur bénéfice nutritionnel auprès des populations.Mots clés: Légumineuses, importance, consommation, ménages, nutriments, urbain, rural, Burkina Fas

Low Energy Pion-Hyperon Interaction

We study the low energy pion-hyperon interaction considering effective non-linear chiral invariant Lagrangians including pions, rho mesons, hyperons and corresponding resonances. Then we calculate the S- and P-wave phase-shifts, total cross sections, angular distributions and polarizations for the momentum in the center-of-mass frame up to k=400 MeV. With these results we discuss the CP violation in the csi-> pi-lambda and omega-> pi-csi weak decays.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We show that the fluctuations in the wounded-nucleon model of the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, together with the natural assumption that the forward (backward) moving wounded nucleons emit particles preferably in the forward (backward) direction, lead to an event-by-event torqued fireball. The principal axes associated with the transverse shape are rotated in the forward region in the opposite direction than in the backward region. On the average, the standard deviation of the relative torque angle between the forward and backward rapidity regions is about 20deg for the central and 10deg for the mid-peripheral collisions. The hydrodynamic expansion of a torqued fireball leads to a torqued collective flow, yielding, in turn, torqued principal axes of the transverse-momentum distributions at different rapidities. We propose experimental measures, based on cumulants involving particles in different rapidity regions, which should allow for a quantitative determination of the effect from the data. To estimate the non-flow contributions from resonance decays we run Monte Carlo simulations with THERMINATOR. If the event-by-event torque effect is found in the data, it will support the assumptions concerning the fluctuations in the early stage of the fireball formation, as well as the hypothesis of the asymmetric rapidity shape of the emission functions of the moving sources in the nucleus-nucleus collisions.Comment: Grant reference adde