A simple method for the determination of refractive indices of (rough) transparent solids

Simple methods for the determination of refractive indices of transparent polymers and inorganic and organic solids of irregular geometry or with scratched or corrugated surfaces are rare. A classical procedure is based on the invisibility of a body immersed in a liquid with the same refractive index as that of the body. In order to avoid the laborious procedure connected with the search for a liquid with matching refractive index and to find an approach which is independent of the observation by eye, we describe here a modified immersion method which allows the ready determination of the refractive index of solids. The present method is based on the interpolation of the maximum transmission (nTmax) of a solid immersed in liquids with different, typically non-matching, refractive indices. Illustrations with quartz glass, crown glass and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films showed that nTmax can be determined with a reproducibility of ± 0.003. By comparison with refractive indices determined by ellipsometry, it was concluded that the refractive index of a solid can be determined with the modified immersion method within an accuracy better than ± 0.01 when systematic errors resulting from the fit method are also taken into consideratio

A Quartz-bearing Orthopyroxene-rich Websterite Xenolith from the Pannonian Basin, Western Hungary: Evidence for Release of Quartz-saturated Melts from a Subducted Slab

An unusual quartz-bearing orthopyroxene-rich websterite xenolith has been found in an alkali basaltic tuff at Szigliget, Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), western Hungary. Ortho- and clinopyroxenes are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), middle REE and Ni, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti compared with ortho- and clinopyroxenes occurring in either peridotite or lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the BBHVF. Both ortho- and clinopyroxenes in the xenolith contain primary and secondary silicate melt inclusions, and needle-shaped or rounded quartz inclusions. The melt inclusions are rich in SiO2 and alkalis and poor in MgO, FeO and CaO. They are strongly enriched in LREE and large ion lithophile elements, and display negative Nb, Ta and Sr anomalies, and slightly positive Pb anomalies. The xenolith is interpreted to represent a fragment of an orthopyroxene-rich body that crystallized in the upper mantle from a hybrid melt that formed by interaction of mantle peridotite with a quartz-saturated silicate melt that was released from a subducted oceanic slab. Although the exact composition of the slab melt cannot be determined, model calculations on major and trace elements suggest involvement of a metasedimentary componen

A Quartz-bearing Orthopyroxene-rich Websterite Xenolith from the Pannonian Basin, Western Hungary: Evidence for Release of Quartz-saturated Melts from a Subducted Slab

An unusual quartz-bearing orthopyroxene-rich websterite xenolith has been found in an alkali basaltic tuff at Szigliget, Bakony-Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), western Hungary. Ortho- and clinopyroxenes are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), middle REE and Ni, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti compared with ortho- and clinopyroxenes occurring in either peridotite or lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the BBHVF. Both ortho- and clinopyroxenes in the xenolith contain primary and secondary silicate melt inclusions, and needle-shaped or rounded quartz inclusions. The melt inclusions are rich in SiO2 and alkalis and poor in MgO, FeO and CaO. They are strongly enriched in LREE and large ion lithophile elements, and display negative Nb, Ta and Sr anomalies, and slightly positive Pb anomalies. The xenolith is interpreted to represent a fragment of an orthopyroxene-rich body that crystallized in the upper mantle from a hybrid melt that formed by interaction of mantle peridotite with a quartz-saturated silicate melt that was released from a subducted oceanic slab. Although the exact composition of the slab melt cannot be determined, model calculations on major and trace elements suggest involvement of a metasedimentary componen

On the generalized Davenport constant and the Noether number

Known results on the generalized Davenport constant related to zero-sum sequences over a finite abelian group are extended to the generalized Noether number related to the rings of polynomial invariants of an arbitrary finite group. An improved general upper bound is given on the degrees of polynomial invariants of a non-cyclic finite group which cut out the zero vector.Comment: 14 page

Electrical resistivity tomography at the DOE Hanford site

Recent work at the DOE Hanford site has established the potential of applying Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for early leak detection under hazardous waste storage facilities. Several studies have been concluded to test the capabilities and limitations of ERT for two different applications. First, field experiments have been conducted to determine the utility of ERT to detect and map leaks from underground storage tanks during waste removal processes. Second, the use of ERT for long term vadose zone monitoring has been tested under different field conditions of depth, installation design, acquisition mode/equipment and infiltration chemistry. This work involves transferring the technology from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) program at the DOE Hanford Site. This paper covers field training studies relevant to the second application for long term vadose zone monitoring

A study of the economics of force molting in commercial egg production

Published December 1970. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Effective Lagrangians and low energy photon-photon scattering

We use the behavior of the photon-photon scattering for photon energies $\omega$ less than the electron mass, $m_e$, to examine the implications of treating the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian as an effective field theory. Specifically, we determine the $\omega^2/m_e^2$ behavior of the scattering amplitude predicted by including one-loop corrections to the Euler-Heisenberg effective Lagrangian together with the counterterms required by renomalizability. This behavior is compared with the energy dependence obtained by expanding the exact QED photon-photon scattering amplitude. If the introduction of counterterms in the effective field theory is restricted to those determined by renormalizability, the $\omega^2/m_e^2$ dependences of the two expansions differ.Comment: 10 pages, ReVTeX, 2 postscript figures include

Some closure operations in Zariski-Riemann spaces of valuation domains: a survey

In this survey we present several results concerning various topologies that were introduced in recent years on spaces of valuation domains