Ex Vivo Area-Metric Analysis of Root Canal Obturation Using Cold and Warm Gutta-Percha

properly cited. Purpose. To evaluate the percentage content of gutta-percha, sealer, and voids in a filled canal area following three different filling techniques, using microphotographs and Nis Elements5 software. Material and Methods. After completing chemomechanical preparation, the teeth ( = 48) were randomly divided into three groups ( = 16) and filled by either cold lateral condensation (CLC group), the continuous wave technique (EOU group), and the ProTaper5 thermoplasticized obturator (PT group). The roots were then sectioned horizontally 2.5, 6.5 and 8.5 mm from the tooth apical foramen. The surface areas of the sealer, voids, and guttapercha (PGFA percentage of gutta-percha-filled area) were calculated and the results subjected to statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test). Results. The percentage of gutta-percha (PGFA) was lower in the apical third of the canal for the CLC and EOU groups than the PT group. In the middle and the coronal third of the canal, the PGFA value was higher after using thermal techniques (EOU and PT) than cold lateral condensation (CLC). The presence of voids was comparable in the fillings performed using warm and cold gutta-percha obturation at all levels. Conclusion. Although thermal methods of root canal obturation allow higher PGFA values to be obtained than cold lateral condensation, the content of voids is comparable

The level of knowledge of high school students from lubelskie voivodeship about performing first aid

Introduction First aid plays a key role in saving human life. It not only prevents the deterioration of the victim's health, but also determines survival. Every year, thousands of people die of various injuries, car accidents and other critical situations. This figure could be significantly lower if the accident witnesses provided first aid to the victims. Material and method Diagnostic survey was selected as the research method, and the research tool was an authorial questionnaire, examining the level of students' knowledge about first aid. It was based on the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council 2015. The questionnaire consisted of 20 closed single-choice questions and only one of the 4 answers was correct. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using STATISTICA 12 software (StatSoft Polska). For the correlation study the χ2 test was used, and the significance level was taken as

The correlation between sleep disorders and obesity – abnormal sleep duration as a risk factor for high weight

Obesity and overweight are among the most common diseases in the world. Last data from 2016 showed that 650 million people were obese and since 1960 the number of obese people has increased three times, which is associated with "fast" lifestyle of the majority of the world's population. This is the clue why so many scientists are looking for modified obesity factors. Overweight is a major risk factor for inter alia diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Most studies have shown obesity as a cause of sleep disorders such as excessive daytime sleepiness EDS or sleep apnoea, but recent studies have suggested that sleep disorders cause obesity. Otyłość i nadwaga należą do najczęstszych chorób na świecie, ostatnie dane opublikowane w 2016r. wykazały, że 650 milionów osób było otyłych, a od 1960 r. liczba osób zmagających się z otyłością wzrosła trzykrotnie, co wiąże się z "szybkim" stylem życia większości populacji na świecie. W związku z tym, wielu naukowców szuka modyfikowanych czynników otyłości. Nadwaga jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka między innymi cukrzycy, chorób sercowo-naczyniowych i nowotworów. Większość badań ukazuje otyłość, jako przyczynę zaburzeń snu, takich jak nadmierna senność EDS w ciągu dnia lub bezdech senny, ale ostatnie badania sugerują, że zaburzenia snu mogą powodować otyłość

Evaluation of the Sealing Ability of Three Obturation Techniques Using a Glucose Leakage Test

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of three different canal filling techniques. Sixty-four roots of extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were prepared using ProTaper® rotary instruments. The specimens were then randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (n=16) and 2 control groups (n=8). The root canals were filled using cold lateral compaction (CLC group), continuous wave condensation technique using the Elements Obturation Unit® (EOU group), and ProTaper obturators (PT group). For the negative control group, 8 roots were filled using lateral compaction as in the CLC group, and the teeth were covered twice with a layer of nail varnish (NCG group). Another 8 roots were filled using lateral compaction, but without sealer, and these were used as the positive control (PCG group). A glucose leakage model was used for quantitative evaluation of microleakage for 24 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 weeks. No significant difference in the cumulative amount of leakage was found between the three experimental groups at all observation times. The lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha can guarantee a similar seal of canal fillings as can be achieved by using thermal methods, in the round canals

So-called gray zone between athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- the significance of new imaging techniques in differential diagnosis

Background Athlete's heart characterized many adaptive changes in the heart in response to physical exertion. The discovery of the "heart of the athlete" phenomenon was made by Henschen already at the end of the 19th century during physical examination through percussion the chest of cross-country skiers. The aim of the study The aim of the paper is to present new imaging techniques aimed at more accurate diagnosis of the differential heart of patients with physiological adaptation to intense physical exercise of left ventricular hypertrophy and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Material and method Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in English in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: athlete's heart, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, tissue doppler method, magnetic resonance (MR) T1, extracellular volume (ECV) mapping, three-dimensional echocardiography (3D). Description of the state of knowledge Athlete’s heart may occasionally imitate pathological conditions related to sudden death, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Problems in differential diagnosis between the athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are still existed. In the aspect of the differentiation of adaptive and pathological left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes, the diagnostic problem concerns the thickness of the myocardium (especially the interventricular septum) within 13-16 mm and constituting the so-called gray zone. This is a range of values that can be an expression of physiological LVH in competitive athletes and the symptom of a mild phenotype HCM. Summary This kind of lesions require an extended cardiac diagnosis, these include: echocardiography, tissue doppler imaging, cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1, extracellular volume and 3D echocardiography