A tissue checkpoint regulates type 2 immunity

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and CD4(+) T helper type 2 (Th2) cells are defined by their similar effector cytokines, which together mediate the features of allergic immunity. Here, we show that tissue ILC2s and Th2 cells differentiate independently but share overlapping effector function programs mediated by exposure to the tissue-derived cytokines interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Loss of these three tissue signals does not affect lymph node priming but abrogates terminal differentiation of effector Th2 cells and adaptive lung inflammation in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Our findings suggest how diverse perturbations activate type 2 immunity, uncovering a shared local tissue-elicited checkpoint that can be exploited to control both innate and adaptive allergic inflammation