[Review of] Frederick Hale. The Swedes in Wisconsin

The Swedes in Wisconsin, Frederick Hale concludes, were the \u27\u27invisible immigrants\u27 of nineteenth and early twentieth-century America, never accounting for more than two percent of the Wisconsin state population. Hale avoids promoting the Swedes and, instead, realistically presents them as a minor part of a major European immigration. Hale\u27s realism means his primary focus is on the fluctuation and integration which characterized the Wisconsin Swedish presence

The Hale solar sector boundary

A Hale solar sector boundary is defined as the half (Northern Hemisphere or Southern Hemisphere) of a sector boundary in which the change of sector magnetic field polarity is the same as the change of polarity from a preceding spot to a following spot. Above a Hale sector boundary the green corona has maximum brightness, while above a non-Hale boundary the green corona has a minimum brightness. The Hale portion of a photospheric sector boundary tends to have maximum magnetic field strength, while the non-Hale portion has minimum field strength

The Discovery of Argon in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)

On 30.14 March 1997 we observed the EUV spectrum of the bright comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) at the time of its perihelion, using our EUVS sounding rocket telescope/spectrometer. The spectra reveal the presence H Ly beta, O+, and, most notably, Argon. Modelling of the retrieved Ar production rates indicates that comet Hale-Bopp is enriched in Ar relative to cosmogonic expectations. This in turn indicates that Hale-Bopp's deep interior has never been exposed to the 35-40 K temperatures necessary to deplete the comet's primordial argon supply.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. ApJ, 545, in press (2000

Secalonic acid A from Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Hale and P. hypomilta (Fée) Hale (Parmeliaceae)

Secalonic acid A, a yellow pigment from fungal metabolism, was isolated from the lichens Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora and P. hypomilta. From P. sphaerospora was also isolated the depsidone hypostictic acid. The structure of these compounds was determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature data

Errata

In the article "Secalonic acid A from Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Hale and P. hypomilta (Fée) Hale (Parmeliaceae)", published in Tropical Bryology 10: 201-204, 1995, the sentence at page 201 "Seven isomers are known of secalonic acid: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, all isolated from fungi by Budavari (1989)" should read: ""Seven isomers are known of secalonic acid: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, all isolated from fungi (Budavari 1989)"

The Distribution, Excitation and Formation of Cometary Molecules: Methanol, Methyl Cyanide and Ethylene Glycol

We present an interferometric and single dish study of small organic species toward Comets C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) using the BIMA interferometer at 3 mm and the ARO 12m telescope at 2 mm. For Comet Hale-Bopp, both the single-dish and interferometer observations of CH3OH indicate an excitation temperature of 105+/-5 K and an average production rate ratio Q(CH3OH)/Q(H2O)~1.3% at ~1 AU. Additionally, the aperture synthesis observations of CH3OH suggest a distribution well described by a spherical outflow and no evidence of significant extended emission. Single-dish observations of CH3CN in Comet Hale-Bopp indicate an excitation temperature of 200+/-10 K and a production rate ratio of Q(CH3CN)/Q(H2O)~0.017% at ~1 AU. The non-detection of a previously claimed transition of cometary (CH2OH)2 toward Comet Hale-Bopp with the 12m telescope indicates a compact distribution of emission, D<9'' (<8500 km). For the single-dish observations of Comet T7 LINEAR, we find an excitation temperature of CH3OH of 35+/-5 K and a CH3OH production rate ratio of Q(CH3OH)/Q(H2O)~1.5% at ~0.3 AU. Our data support current chemical models that CH3OH, CH3CN and (CH2OH)2 are parent nuclear species distributed into the coma via direct sublimation off cometary ices from the nucleus with no evidence of significant production in the outer coma.Comment: accepted for publication in Ap