Modeling Magnetic Anisotropy of Single Chain Magnets in ∣d/J∣≥1|d/J| \geq 1 Regime

Single molecule magnets (SMMs) with single-ion anisotropies $\mathbf d$, comparable to exchange interactions J, between spins have recently been synthesized. In this paper, we provide theoretical insights into the magnetism of such systems. We study spin chains with site spins, s=1, 3/2 and 2 and on-site anisotropy $\mathbf d$ comparable to the exchange constants between the spins. We find that large $\mathbf d$ leads to crossing of the states with different $M_S$ values in the same spin manifold of the $\mathbf d = 0$ limit. For very large $\mathbf d$'s we also find that the $M_S$ states of the higher energy spin states descend below the $M_S$ states of the ground state spin manifold. Total spin in this limit is no longer conserved and describing the molecular anisotropy by the constants $D_M$ and $E_M$ is not possible. However, the total spin of the low-lying large $M_S$ states is very nearly an integer and using this spin value it is possible to construct an effective spin Hamiltonian and compute the molecular magnetic anisotropy constants $D_M$ and $E_M$. We report effect of finite sizes, rotations of site anisotropies and chain dimerization on the effective anisotropy of the spin chains

Modeling Molecular Magnets with Large Exchange and On-Site Anisotropies

Spins in molecular magnets can experience both anisotropic exchange interactions and on-site magnetic anisotropy. In this paper we study the effect of exchange anisotropy on the molecular magnetic anisotropy both with and without on-site anisotropy. When both the anisotropies are small, we find that the axial anisotropy parameter $D_M$ in the effective spin Hamiltonian is the sum of the individual contributions due to exchange and on-site anisotropies. We find that even for axial anisotropy of about $15\%$, the low energy spectrum does not correspond to a single parent spin manifold but has intruders states arising from other parent spin. In this case, the low energy spectrum can not be described by an effective Hamiltonian spanning the parent spin space. We study the magnetic susceptibility, specific heat as a function of temperature and magnetization as a function of applied field to characterize the system in this limit. We find that there is synergy between the two anisotropies, particularly for large systems with higher site spins.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures and 3 tables. Supporting information included after the main articl

Quantitative analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans in severe asthma subphenotypes

BACKGROUND: Severe asthma is a heterogeneous condition. Airway remodelling is a feature of severe asthma and can be determined by the assessment of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. The aim of this study was to assess whether airway remodelling is restricted to specific subphenotypes of severe asthma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of HRCT scans from subjects who had attended a single-centre severe asthma clinic between 2003 and 2008. The right upper lobe apical segmental bronchus (RB1) dimensions were measured and the clinical and sputum inflammatory characteristics associated with RB1 geometry were assessed by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Longitudinal sputum data were available and were described as area under the time curve (AUC). Comparisons were made in RB1 geometry across subjects in four subphenotypes determined by cluster analysis, smokers and non-smokers, and subjects with and without persistent airflow obstruction. RESULTS: Ninety-nine subjects with severe asthma and 16 healthy controls were recruited. In the subjects with severe asthma the RB1 percentage wall area (%WA) was increased (p=0.009) and lumen area (LA)/body surface area (BSA) was decreased (p=0.008) compared with controls but was not different across the four subphenotypes. Airway geometry was not different between smokers and non-smokers and RB1 %WA was increased in those with persistent airflow obstruction. RB1 %WA in severe asthma was best associated with airflow limitation and persistent neutrophilic airway inflammation (model R(2)=0.27, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Airway remodelling of proximal airways occurs in severe asthma and is associated with impaired lung function and neutrophilic airway inflammation

A Few Unusual Cases of Benign Laryngeal Lesions - Our Experience

Abstract Introduction: Benign laryngeal lesions may have some uncommon presentations.  Aims: The aim was to identify unusual benign vocal cord lesions and review their management and follow up.  Material and methods: The records of the patients presenting with different benign vocal cord lesions were reviewed retrospectively. Confirmed cases of vocal cord paralysis and malignancy were excluded from the study. Nine cases were imcluded in this study. Clinical findings, investigation reports, treatment and outcome were analysed.  Results: Most of the patients were from 18 years to 52 years (66%). Most common presenting feature was hoarseness of voice (89%) followed by respiratory distress (33%) . Microlaryngeal surgeries were done in 7 patients (78%) and 2 patients (22%) were  managed conservatively.  Conclusion: Diagnosis of benign vocal cord lesions may sometimes be difficult. Careful history, attention to the anatomy and the probable variations in presentation of the benign lesions of larynx, thorough clinical examination and different diagnostic tools are essential for satisfactory management

Challenges and opportunities for private and public health care insurance system in India

Insurance refers to a promise of compensation for any potential future losses. Health insurance is a form of insurance that compensates for medical expenses related to sickness and treatment. Huge portion of Indian population are vulnerable to economic burden in accessing health care. Equity in accessing healthcare is also of great concern in India. In the present scenario, vulnerable population of our country can be protected from impoverishment and catastrophic health expenditure through a model of health insurance that encompasses the entire population. However, health insurance is still in a developing condition in India. In this article we have discussed the challenges and opportunities for both the public and private insurance system in India. Presently there are important challenges in the public sector as well as private sector insurance in India in terms of monitoring, data capturing, administration and oversight. It is also important to gauge the financial sustainability of the insurance programme and develop early warning systems for identification of signs of collapse. Ensuring adequate focus on the primary and secondary level of care including preventive aspects is another area where insurance programmes have to work since majority presently focus only on tertiary care

Anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at a secondary health care facility in district Faridabad, Haryana

Background: India confronts a high burden of anemia among pregnant women, that contributes to significant morbidity and mortality for mother and child. Anemia Mukt Bharat strategy launched by Government of India envisages provision of variety of facility-based interventions for management of anemia in pregnancy. Secondary care hospitals prescribe injectable iron treatment for moderate anemia and blood transfusion services for severe anemia. Objective: To estimate the magnitude and severity of anemia among pregnant women when they presented themselves for the first time at the antenatal care clinic of a secondary care hospital so as to forecast adequate supplies of medicines for managing anemia. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study using routinely maintained hospital clinical records during the years 2013–2015. It was conducted in a subdistrict hospital, Ballabhgarh in Faridabad district of Haryana state. Hemoglobin (Hb) level was routinely measured at first visit for all pregnant women using BC-3000 plus autohematology analyzer. Anemia in pregnancy was considered when Hb concentration was <11.0 g/dL. Results: The Hb level at first visit was available for 13,467 women during the study period. The mean Hb level (standard deviation) was 9.3 g/dL (1.3). The proportion of anemic pregnant women was 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.8, 91.7). The most common category of anemia was moderate anemia 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6, 63.2). Conclusion: We found a very high prevalence of anemia in pregnant women presenting to a secondary care setting of a North Indian hospital during their first visit to the facility during the antenatal period

Audit of emergency obstetric referrals from a secondary level hospital in Haryana, North India

Background: The maternal mortality ratio in India is high. An effective emergency obstetric care (EmOC) strategy has been identified as a priority to reduce maternal deaths. Since the capacity of different levels of public health facilities to provide EmOC is varied, an effective referral system is crucial. However, few studies have evaluated the functioning and quality of referral systems in India. A systematic monitoring of referrals helps to identify current gaps in the provision of essential obstetric care. Objective: This study was conducted to identify the medical and logistic reasons for emergency obstetric referrals from a subdistrict hospital (SDH). Methods: An audit of emergency referrals during the period January 2015–December 2015 was carried out. Records of all obstetric patients referred from the maternity ward during the study period were reviewed. Results: The referral rate was found to be 31.7%. Preterm labor (30.6%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (17%), and fetal distress (10.6%) were the main reasons for referral. Deficiencies were found in critical determinants of functionality, that is, nonavailability of emergency cesarean, neonatal care unit, and blood bank. Conclusions: The referral rate at the SDH was high. Lack of workforce and infrastructural facilities led to referrals of women who ought to have been managed at this level of the hospital

Major conventional indicators in India : India country report, volume I

Project number related to IDRC support could not be determine