El impacto de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en las constituciones iberoamericanas.

"The Universal Dedaratíon of Human Rights meets sixty years, but their impact on modern constitutions has not been the most favourable to becoming the single source of reference for the recognition of the rights at the international level, in fact has resulted in a incontinence approval treaty speciaHzed in thísfieíd. WhUe the structure of the cata¡ogues of rights in tlie constitutions of European and Latin American fifties have been influenced by this ínternatíona¡ instrument, have a¡so been receiving the caU fragmentation and inflation rights, the tendency to dedare rights without worrying about their proper protection"

Changes in the Tracheal Ciliated Cells in Rabbits Treated by Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) as Studied by Electron Microscopy

The ciliated epithelium of the rabbit\u27s trachea was investigated after a single 5 mg dose of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDP). Specimens were taken for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Examination was performed daily for 20 consecutive days. A cytotoxic effect of the drug on the ciliated epithelium was observed with bent ciliary tips, swollen tips and broken cilia. Finally the cilia were lost and large areas of the surface were covered with microvilli. However, 20 days after the drug injection, the restitution of the ciliary carpet was almost complete

Ciliated Cells of the Trachea of the Rabbit, Treated with Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) Alone, or in Combination with Ionizing Radiation

The ciliated epithelium of the rabbit trachea was irradiated with daily fractions of 2 Gy to an accumulated dose of 20 Gy (TD: 2, 6, 10, 16, or 20 Gy). Fifteen to forty-five minutes before start of the first irradiation ( treatment day 1) , 5 mg cis-DDP was given by intraperitoneal injection to each rabbit. Examination was made 1-10 days after each fractionation schedule, when specimens were ta ken for investigations. Scanning electron microscope investigations showed a gradual development of ciliary damage from blebs on the cilia to swollen tips, broken and bent cilia and finally an epithelial lining with areas free from cilia with a surface covered with microvilli-like structures. SEM also showed cell loss, and remnants of dead cells on the surface together with detritus. By transmission electron microscope ciliary damage, cell death and cell loss of the ciliated cell layer as well as exfoliation of portions of goblet-like cells on the surface could be confirmed. The irradiated ciliated epithelium and the untreated control epithelium in each animal showed no difference in this respect. Thus no enhancement of the effects of radiation could be observed. The development of ultrastructural damage may be due to a cytotoxic effect of the drug on the ciliated epithelium. However, 19 days after the start of cis-DDP injection, a hyperplasia of the basal cell layer was observed, which indicates that the observed cytotoxicity of the drug is reversible and a normalisation occurs during the last days of observation in this study

Effects of Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum Alone and in Combination with Ionizing Radiation on the Esophageal Mucosa: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Study

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-DDP) has for more than 20 years been part of the therapeutic arsenal of oncology. Most of the knowledge about its biological action is based on clinical investigations and therefore an examination of the influence of cis-DDP at the cellular and sub-cellular level is necessary. Five mg of cis-DDP was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ten rabbits. Ultrastructural examinations were performed on the upper and lower parts of the esophagus each day after the injection on the following ten days. Another 50 rabbits were given 5 mg cis-DDP and were irradiated in an area just beneath the hypopharynx. They were given 2 Gy at each irradiation and were maximally treated with up to 20 Gy. Examinations were carried out from the first day after the final treatment and each day during ten consecutive days. Five animals were used as controls. Cis-DDP proved to have a deleterious effect on the epithelial layer of the esophageal mucosa with cell loss and structural disarrangement of the microridges and whorls on the surface. This finding was an early phenomenon and lasted for all ten examination days. The changes were not more exaggerated when irradiation was added to the experiments. Repopulation of new cells from the matrix was noticed about five days after the administration of cis-DDP alone

The Effect of 10 and 20 Gy Single Dose Irradiation on the Esophageal Mucosa of the Rabbit. An Electron Microscopic Study

The mucosa of rabbit esophagus was irradiated with single doses of 10 and 20 Gy respectively. Specimens were taken for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and light microscopy investigations. Examinations were made 1-14 days after 10 Gy and 1-17 days after 20 Gy. Irradiation resulted in edema during the first days. The thickness of the epithelium was at its lowest value around day 5 after the administration of 10 Gy, and on days eight to ten after the administration of 20 Gy. Damage of the epithelium surface, as scored on SEM micrographs, was most pronounced on days eight to eleven after irradiation, showing a clear dose dependency. The second week after irradiation repair was seen concluding in an overshoot of the mucosal height. The amount of bacteria on the surface increased during the period of edema, and decreased when the damage was most pronounced

Changes in the Esophageal Epithelium in Rabbits Treated by Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum as Studied by Electron Microscopy

The esophageal mucosa of the rabbit was investigated after a single dose of 5 mg Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (Cis-DDP). Specimens were taken for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and light microscopy. Examination was performed daily for 20 consecutive days. A cytotoxic effect was observed already the first day after injection with an intracellular oedema. Thereafter the height of the esophageal epithelium and the basal cell layer steadily decreased to a minimum day 11. This parallels the damaged microridges and an increased cell loss as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. At the end of the observation period the esophageal mucosa had completely restituted

Effects of Fractionated Irradiation on the Esophageal Mucosa: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Study

The mucosa of rabbit esophagus was irradiated with daily fractions of 2 Gy to an accumulated dose of 20 Gy. Specimens were taken for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy investigations. Examination was made 1-10 days after each fractionation schedule. Light microscopy showed dose-dependent edema of the irradiated mucosa which also could be seen and scored from SEM pictures. SEM investigations showed that this was accompanied by loosening of microridges and a slightly increased cell loss. By SEM, a varying amount of bacteria could be seen which did not make intimate contact with the surface cells. During the first five days there was a steady decrease of the number of bacteria in relation to the absorbed dose. In the later period of examination, the amount of bacteria increased up to a given dose of 10 Gy. Thereafter, the number faded off to about zero when 20 Gy had been administered

Los derechos sociales en la Constitución peruana Elementos para una aproximación al reconocimiento y vigencia de los derechos sociales en el marco iberoamericano

El reconocimiento progresivo de los derechos sociales en la historia de los textos constitucionales peruanos data de 1920, parelelamente a su aparición en la Constitución de Querétaro (1917) y de Weimar (1919), pero su desarrollo teórico y jurisprudencial es reciente, y ha comenzado con la actual Constitución de 1993. Sobre esta base, el Tribunal Constitucional ha propuesto un tratamiento diferenciado entre estos derechos y los derechos civiles y políticos, y ha impuesto al Estado la obligación propender progresivamente a su vigencia. En este trabajo se expondrá cómo ha sido el reconocimiento y cuál es la efectividad de los derechos sociales en la Carta de 1993, y se comparará su evolución con la que se ha dado en otros países latinoamericanos

Improving the Accuracy of Baha® Fittings through Measures of Direct Bone Conduction

ObjectivesVariability in Baha® sound processor fittings may arise from the nature of the implant-to-bone transmission as well as transcranial attenuation for patients with single-sided sensorineural deafness (SSD). One method of improving the predictability of Baha fittings is to measure the individual patient's actual bone conduction thresholds, thereby removing the influences of skin thickness and/or the implant location site.MethodsTwenty adult wearers of the Baha bone conduction implant system participated in the study. Direct bone conduction thresholds were obtained through the BC Direct function of the Baha Fitting Software combined with the Cochlear Baha BP100 sound processor. For comparison, the masked and unmasked bone conduction responses of the patients were collected through standard audiometric testing techniques. Test-retest reliability measurement was performed for all participants. Data for each frequency and frequency range were analyzed separately.ResultsThe results confirm the improved transmission of sound through the implant rather than transcutaneously through the skin. On average, the BC Direct thresholds were closer to the patient's unmasked thresholds than the masked values. In subjects with SSD, BC Direct results were poorer than contra-lateral bone conduction thresholds, most likely due to transcranial attenuation. The test-retest reliability for the BC Direct measurements was within +/-5 dB. The comparison of preferred amplification, based on direct bone conduction or bone conduction audiometry, found higher agreement for fittings based on direct bone conduction measurements.ConclusionWhile the transfer function between the implant and the skin can be predicted on average, there are a number of patients for whom measurement is essential to determine the required amplification. These were patients with: 1) SSD, 2) asymmetrical hearing loss, 3) unusual implant location or skull formation, and 4) users of Testband or Softband. The result for the clinician is that a fitting can take place with less fine-tuning and a greater understanding of the variability of bone conducted sound transmission

Grip control and motor coordination with implanted and surface electrodes while grasping with an osseointegrated prosthetic hand

Background: Replacement of a lost limb by an artificial substitute is not yet ideal. Resolution and coordination of motor control approximating that of a biological limb could dramatically improve the functionality of prosthetic devices, and thus reduce the gap towards a suitable limb replacement. Methods: In this study, we investigated the control resolution and coordination exhibited by subjects with transhumeral amputation who were implanted with epimysial electrodes and an osseointegrated interface that provides bidirectional communication in addition to skeletal attachment (e-OPRA Implant System). We assessed control resolution and coordination in the context of routine and delicate grasping using the Pick and Lift and the Virtual Eggs Tests. Performance when utilizing implanted electrodes was compared with the standard-of-care technology for myoelectric prostheses, namely surface electrodes. Results: Results showed that implanted electrodes provide superior controllability over the prosthetic terminal device compared to conventional surface electrodes. Significant improvements were found in the control of the grip force and its reliability during object transfer. However, these improvements failed to increase motor coordination, and surprisingly decreased the temporal correlation between grip and load forces observed with surface electrodes. We found that despite being more functional and reliable, prosthetic control via implanted electrodes still depended highly on visual feedback. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that incidental sensory feedback (visual, auditory, and osseoperceptive in this case) is insufficient for restoring natural grasp behavior in amputees, and support the idea that supplemental tactile sensory feedback is needed to learn and maintain the motor tasks internal model, which could ultimately restore natural grasp behavior in subjects using prosthetic hands