The Iron and Steel Industry in Asia: Development and Restructuring

The paper examines the development and restructuring of the iron and steel industry in Asian countries. Studying countries that have integrated steelworks with large blast furnaces (South Korea, Taiwan, China and India) and countries without (Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia), the paper shows the difference in the development processes across the countries and across time, and points to the diversity of the development experience of these countries. The paper argues that significant differences in steel production technologies in terms of initial investment and minimum-efficient scale, the changing role of the state, and shifting demand structures in the domestic steel markets of each country have been the important factors that led to the differences in the development path of the steel industry in each country.Steel, Industrial Development, Asia, Iron

Estimation Prospects of the Source Number Density of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays

We discuss the possibility of accurately estimating the source number density of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) using small-scale anisotropy in their arrival distribution. The arrival distribution has information on their source and source distribution. We calculate the propagation of UHE protons in a structured extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF) and simulate their arrival distribution at the Earth using our previously developed method. The source number density that can best reproduce observational results by Akeno Giant Air Shower Array is estimated at about $10^{-5} {\rm Mpc}^{-3}$ in a simple source model. Despite having large uncertainties of about one order of magnitude, due to small number of observed events in current status, we find that more detection of UHECRs in the Auger era can sufficiently decrease this so that the source number density can be more robustly estimated. 200 event observation above $4 \times 10^{19} {\rm eV}$ in a hemisphere can discriminate between $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6} {\rm Mpc}^{-3}$. Number of events to discriminate between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-5} {\rm Mpc}^{-3}$ is dependent on EGMF strength. We also discuss the same in another source model in this paper.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

Truncation Error Analysis of Approximate Operators for a Moving Particle Semi-Implicit Method

This paper considers several approximate operators used in a particle method based on a Voronoi diagram. Under some assumptions on a weight function, we derive truncation error estimates for our approximate gradient and Laplace operators. Our results show that our approximate gradient and Laplace operators tend to the usual gradient and Laplace operators when the ratio (the radius of the interaction area/the radius of a Voronoi cell) is sufficiently large. The key idea of our approach is to divide the integration region into two ring-shaped areas.Comment: 2 figure

The Iron and Steel Industry in Asia: Development and Restructuring

The paper examines the development and restructuring of the iron and steel industryin Asian countries. Studying countries that have integrated steelworks with largeblast furnaces (South Korea, Taiwan, China and India) and countries without(Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia), the paper shows the difference in thedevelopment processes across the countries and across time, and points to thediversity of the development experience of these countries. The paper argues thatsignificant differences in steel production technologies in terms of initial investmentand minimum-efficient scale, the changing role of the state, and shifting demandstructures in the domestic steel markets of each country have been the importantfactors that led to the differences in the development path of the steel industry ineach country

Towards unravelling the structural distribution of ultra-high-energy cosmic ray sources

We investigate the possibility that near future observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) can unveil their local source distribution, which reflects the observed local structures if their origins are astrophysical objects. In order to discuss this possibility, we calculate the arrival distribution of UHE protons taking into account their propagation process in intergalactic space i.e. energy losses and deflections by extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF). For a realistic simulation, we construct and adopt a model of a structured EGMF and UHECR source distribution, which reproduce the local structures actually observed around the Milky Way. The arrival distribution is compared statistically to their source distribution using correlation coefficient. We specially find that UHECRs above $10^{19.8}$eV are best indicators to decipher their source distribution within 100 Mpc, and detection of about 500 events on all the sky allows us to unveil the local structure of UHE universe for plausible EGMF strength and the source number density. This number of events can be detected by five years observation by Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: 7pages, 4 figures, submitted to Ap

In Vitro Susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex to Cephem Antibiotics

The in vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum complex (30 strains of M. fortuitum, 30 strains of M. chelonei subsp. abscessus and 30 strains of M. chelonei subsp. chelonei) to 15 cephem antibiotics was studied on Kirchner's agar medium (containing 10% bovine serum). MIC90 (MIC at which 90% of strains were inhibited) of drugs against these organisms was 100 μg/ml or higher, however, cefoxitin and cefotetan were more active than the other compounds tested, against M. fortuitum strains