Institutional Labour Market Segmentation in China

As the excessive labour market segmentation has negatively affected China’s social and economic development in many ways, this paper describes the status quo of China’s labour market segmentation and the segmentation’s history since 2000. In addition, the paper analyzes institutional factors that affect labour market segmentation among different groups and assesses the effects of specific policies that are closely related to the development of the labour market. More specifically, this paper reviews key labour market policies and programs introduced during the last decade and analyzes the impact of the Minimum Wage Policy, the Labour Contract Law and the Household Registration System (hukou) on labour market segmentation. At last, it offers several policy recommendations to reduce the China’s labour market segmentation

New integrated concepts and measures of income poverty and of 'common prosperity' in China

With incomes rising rapidly in China, measures of numbers in absolute poverty are no longer helpful for policy. A case is made for introducing a new concept and measure of relative poverty in China. Support is found from estimates of happiness functions using the 2013 national surveys of the China Household Income Project (CHIP). The Chinese government has recently introduced a new policy of promoting ‘common prosperity’. The criteria for measuring progress towards the achievement of common prosperity are analysed. A case is made for integrating the concepts of relative poverty and of common prosperity, so that households can be classified as poor, commonly prosperous, or rich. That classification is made for the 2002, 2013, and 2018 CHIP surveys

Endoplasmic reticulum stress in innate immune cells - a significant contribution to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Liver disease and its complications affect millions of people worldwide. NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is the liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction and consists of four stages: steatosis with or without mild inflammation (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. With increased necroinflammation and progression of liver fibrosis, NAFLD may progress to cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated in detail, what is clear is that complex immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH, activation of the innate immune system is critically involved in triggering and amplifying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH. Additionally, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in cells, also known as ER stress, triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) which has been shown to be involved to inflammation and apoptosis. To further develop the prevention and treatment of NAFLD/NASH, it is imperative to clarify the relationship between NAFLD/NASH and innate immune cells and ER stress. As such, this review focuses on innate immune cells and their ER stress in the occurrence of NAFLD and the progression of cirrhosis