Proteomics Study on Nonallergic Hypersensitivity Induced by Compound 4880 and Ovalbumin

<div><p>Nonallergic hypersensitivity reaction (NHR) accounts for more than 77% of all immune-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions and has become a serious threat to public health. Here, proteomics was used to study the NHR mechanism of two typical substances, the compound 4880 and ovalbumin. Twelve different proteins were suggested as potential biomarkers for examining the NHR mechanism, and our results revealed that the mechanism mainly encompassed 2 processes, i.e., generation and effect processes. The generation process could be classified as direct stimulation, complement (classical and alternative), coagulation, kallikrein-kinin, and integrated pathways. Thus glutathione peroxidase 1, terminal complement complex (complement factor 4d and Bb), coagulation 13, kininogen-1, and IgE could be used as candidate biomarkers for the indication of the corresponding pathways respectively, the proteins were further confirmed by ELISA. And the effect process was mainly composed of histamine as well as proteins such as DCD and MYLPF, which could be used as important indices for the symptoms of NHR. Our study differs from previous studies in that C4880 was found to not only be involved in the direct stimulation pathway, but also in the activated complement and kallikrein-kinin pathways through the coagulation pathway. We also report for the first time that ovalbumin-induced NHR could be a combination of the coagulation, classical complement, and integrated pathways.</p></div

Reproducibility of protein identification.

<p>(a) Biologically replicate experiment was processed with iTRAQ analyzing procedure: there were 96 differentially expressed proteins identified in the C4880 group and 121 differential proteins identified in OVA group; the number of total differential proteins in C4880 and OVA groups was 198, 19 differential proteins were common. (b) Coefficients of variation of C4880 and OVA groups comparing with control group.</p

The number of distinct peptides identified in a protein.

<p>The peptides were identified using Mascot, based on a 95% confidence level.</p

Chemical constituents from <i>Sambucus williamsii</i> Hance fruits and hepatoprotective effects in mouse hepatocytes

<p>Chemical investigation of Chinese folk medicine <i>Sambucus williamsii</i> Hance has resulted in the isolation and characterisation of seventeen compounds from the <i>n</i>-BuOH extract of its fruits, including two new phenylethanoid glycosides and fifteen known compounds. Structures of new compounds were elucidated primarily on the basis of their extensive spectroscopic data including 2D NMR. In addition, the <i>n</i>-BuOH extract from the fruits of <i>S. williamsii</i> was found to show a protective effect on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. So the hepatoprotective effects of principal constituents from it were tested by MTT assays. The results showed that Compounds <b>13</b>, <b>16</b> and <b>17</b> displayed hepatoprotective effects.</p

The histamine, IgE, F13, Kng1, Gpx1, Sc5b9, C4d and Bb levels of BN rats by ELISA assay.

<p>All values are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed through one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett method to determine significance between the control and experimental groups. Compared to control group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01.</p

The symptom scores of BN rats.

<p>The symptom scores of BN rats.</p

Molecular functions of the total proteins.

<p>Molecular functions of the total proteins.</p

A proposed generation and effect mechanism study of nonallergic hypersensitivity reaction according to KEGG nomenclature through proteomics.

<p>The levels of potential biomarkers were labeled with “↑” up-regulated, “↓” down-regulated and “-” no significant difference comparing with control group, the left was C4880 group and the right was OVA group.</p

Lignans from <i>Schisandra chinensis</i> rattan stems suppresses primary Aβ_1-42-induced microglia activation via NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway

<p>Microglia cells play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases for clearing amyloid-β and reducing the occurrence of inflammation. In this study, the neuroinflammatory effect and the mechanism of lignans from <i>Schisandra chinensis</i> rattan stems (rsSCH-L) were evaluated by Aβ_1-42-induced primary microglia cell model. The results have shown that rsSCH-L could reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α and NO. Moreover, rsSCH-L suppressed the phosphorylations of NF-κB and IκBα as well as p38, JNK and ERK proteins in Aβ_1-42-induced microglia cells. Taken together, rsSCH-L could attenuate microglia cells from neuroinflammation by activating the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway.</p

Table1_Salt processing: A unique and classic technology for Chinese medicine processing.docx

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processing is the summary of long-term clinical experience, processing can change the property, taste and meridian of TCM, achieve the purpose of reducing toxicity and increasing efficiency, to ensure the safety of clinical medication. This paper summarizes the research advance of salt processing in recent years from the aspects of the types of excipients, salt processing methods, salt processing purpose and the influence of salt process on the chemical composition, pharmacodynamic effect and in vivo behavior of TCM, and analyzes and discusses the shortcomings of the current research, so as to provide ideas for the further research and development of salt processing of TCM. The literatures were classified and summarized by consulting the scientific database (such as SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, etc.), Chinese herbal classics and Chinese Pharmacopoeia and so on. The results show that salt processing is helpful to introduce drugs into the kidney channel and enhance the effect of nourishing Yin and falling fire. The pharmacological effect, chemical composition and in vivo behavior of TCM will change after salt processing. In the future, we should strengthen the research on standardizing the dosage of excipients, the quality standard after processing, the relationship between the change of chemical composition after salt processing and the enhancement of pharmacological efficacy, so as to deeply explain the principle of salt processing, and further improve and optimize the salt making process. By combing the influence of the of salt processing of TCM and analyzed the current problems, we hope to provide guidance for the in-depth study of the salt processing mechanism of TCM and the inheritance and innovation of TCM processing technology.</p