Magnon Condensation in a Dense Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin Ensemble

The feasibility of creating a Bose-Einstein condensate of magnons using a dense ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy spin defects in diamond is investigated. Through assessing a density-dependent spin exchange interaction strength and the magnetic phase transition temperature ($T_c$) using the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, the minimum temperature-dependent concentration for magnetic self-ordering is estimated. For a randomly dispersed spin ensemble, the calculated average exchange constant exceeds the average dipole interaction strengths for concentrations approximately greater than 70 ppm, while $T_c$ is estimated to exceed 10 mK beyond 90 ppm, reaching 300 K at a concentration of approximately 450 ppm. On this basis, the existence of dipole-exchange spin waves and their plane-wave dispersion is postulated and estimated using a semiclassical magnetostatic description. This is discussed along with a $T_c$-based estimate of the four-magnon scattering rate, which indicates magnons and their condensation may be detectable in thin films for concentrations greater than 90 ppm.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure

The Liberty of Participation in Online Alternative Dispute Resolution Schemes

Electronic commerce is important, and perhaps, inevitable. Thus to consider the legal implications of the growth and development of electronic commerce is essential. However, the lack of suitable dispute resolution mechanisms in cyberspace will constitute a serious obstacle to the further development of electronic commerce. Bearing this in mind, this paper argues that when Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) moves to cyberspace, particularly arbitration and mediation as the main types of ADR, the form of online alternative dispute resolution (OADR) can maximise the growth of e-commerce. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and the internet are two very topical issues. Online alternative dispute resolution (OADR), or ADR online, refers to the use of internet technology, wholly or partially, as a medium by which to conduct the proceedings of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), in order to resolve commercial disputes which arise from the use of the internet. Those proceedings are operated by neutral private bodies under published rules of procedure. Having said that, it is important to address mandatory OADR. This means that the parties are bound to adhere to the OADR process. Indeed, it is imperative to display what risks internet users should be willing to take with mandatory OADR schemes. This paper concludes that the issue of consent should be at the forefront of any contemplated OADR solutions. Clearly, it is unacceptable to impose mandatory OADR on internet users without their knowledge and consent Instead, a complainant who wishes to avoid the mandatory nature of OADR proceeding must be able to bring the action in any court that has a jurisdiction over the dispute. Bearing this in mind, there is a strong reason to believe that mandatory OADR schemes would not be enforceable in courts, and that the entire scheme of mandatory OADR might be unworkable

The Liberty of Participation in Online Alternative Dispute Resolution Schemes

Electronic commerce is important, and perhaps, inevitable. Thus to consider the legal implications of the growth and development of electronic commerce is essential. However, the lack of suitable dispute resolution mechanisms in cyberspace will constitute a serious obstacle to the further development of electronic commerce. Bearing this in mind, this paper argues that when Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) moves to cyberspace, particularly arbitration and mediation as the main types of ADR, the form of online alternative dispute resolution (OADR) can maximise the growth of e-commerce. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and the internet are two very topical issues. Online alternative dispute resolution (OADR), or ADR online, refers to the use of internet technology, wholly or partially, as a medium by which to conduct the proceedings of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), in order to resolve commercial disputes which arise from the use of the internet. Those proceedings are operated by neutral private bodies under published rules of procedure. Having said that, it is important to address mandatory OADR. This means that the parties are bound to adhere to the OADR process. Indeed, it is imperative to display what risks internet users should be willing to take with mandatory OADR schemes. This paper concludes that the issue of consent should be at the forefront of any contemplated OADR solutions. Clearly, it is unacceptable to impose mandatory OADR on internet users without their knowledge and consent Instead, a complainant who wishes to avoid the mandatory nature of OADR proceeding must be able to bring the action in any court that has a jurisdiction over the dispute. Bearing this in mind, there is a strong reason to believe that mandatory OADR schemes would not be enforceable in courts, and that the entire scheme of mandatory OADR might be unworkable

Narrative Account of the Arab Spring: Translations of Aljazeera and RT of the Egyptian and Syrian Uprisings as Case Study

the events of the Arab Spring attracted the attention of many scholars from various disciplines. However, the general trend of existing literature seems to ignore the different cultural representations within the Arab world leading for assumptions that the uprisings share similar outcomes and/or motivations. This article attempts to deconstruct the terms Arab Spring and Arab world through shedding light on two of the most influential uprisings that brought about social, economic, and political changes. To do so, it combines CDA and narrative theory to address the subject of the thematic nature of the subsequent media messages during the Egyptian and Syrian uprisings to investigate the process of meaning-making and the role of language in social reality construction. The purpose is to motivate researchers to address the largely ignored issue of the different representations in media and narratives

Bioenergetics: Experimental Demonstration of Excess Protons and Related Features

Over the last 50 years, ever since the Nobel-prize work of Peter Mitchell’s Chemiosmotic theory, the question whether bioenergetics energy transduction occurs through localized or delocalized protons has been a controversial issue among scientists. Recently, a proton-electrostatics localization hypothesis was formulated which may provide a new and clear understanding of localized and delocalized proton-coupling energy transduction in many biological systems. The aim of this dissertation was to test this new hypothesis. To demonstrate the fundamental behavior of localized protons in a pure water-membrane-water system in relation to the newly derived pmf equation, excess protons and excess hydroxyl anions were generated and their distributions were tested using a proton-sensing aluminum membrane. The proton-sensing film placed at the membrane-water interface displayed dramatic localized proton activity while that placed into the bulk water phase showed no excess proton activity during the entire experiment. These observations clearly match with the prediction from the proton-electrostatics localization hypothesis that excess protons do not stay in water bulk phase; they localize at the water-membrane interface in a manner similar to the behavior of excess electrons in a conductor. In addition, the effect of cations (Na+ and K+) on localized excess protons at the water-membrane interface was tested by measuring the exchange equilibrium constant of Na+ and K+ in exchanging with the electrostatically localized protons at a series of cations concentrations. The equilibrium constant for sodium (Na+) cations to exchange with the electrostatically localized protons was determined to be (5.07 ± 0.46) x 10-8 while the equilibrium constant for potassium (K+) cations to exchange with localized protons was determined to be (6.93 ± 0.91) x 10-8. These results mean that the localized protons at the water-membrane interface are so stable that it requires a ten millions more sodium (or potassium) cations than protons in the bulk liquid phase to even partially delocalize them at the water-membrane interface. This provides a logical experimental support of the proton electrostatic localization hypothesis. One of the basic assumptions of proton-electrostatics localization hypothesis is that it treats liquid water as a proton conductor and that the proton conduction along the water-membrane interface might be a favored pathway for the proton energy coupling bioenergetics across biological membranes. In this study, experimental evidences discussing water acting as a proton conductor were discussed and the conductivity of water with respect to excess protons was estimated. Overall, these findings have significance not only in the science of bioenergetics but also in the fundamental understanding for the importance of water to life in serving as a proton conductor for energy transduction in living organisms

The Case of Income Tax Evasion in Jordan: Symptoms and Solutions

The purpose of this paper is to examine income tax evasion in Jordan and set forth various cures for this problem.The paper investigates the phenomenon of income tax evasion. In doing so, the paper reviews reports from academics and statistics from the Income Tax Department. The paper begins with an overview of the Income Tax Law. The paper then distinguishes between tax evasion and tax avoidance and provides empirical data on the size of income tax evasion in Jordan. A study of article 42 of the Income Tax Law, the anti-tax evasion provision, is made. In the final analysis, the paper suggests several means that can be used to address income tax evasion