The Expression and Clinical Signification of PD-1 in Lymph Nodes of Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

<p>To screen anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody treatment of the dominant population, it is necessary to understand the expression of PD-1 in tumor metastasis microenvironment. The aim of the present study was to detect the expression of PD-1 in lymph nodes of 51 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by using flow cytometry (FCM). The results showed that the PD-1 expression on CD3⁺ T cells was significantly increased in NSCLC metastatic lymph nodes (50.08 ± 8.03%) compared with nonmetastatic lymph nodes (36.25 ± 11.27%) (<i>t</i> = 5.208, <i>p</i> < 0.001).We also found that PD-1 expression was not associated with age, sex, and smoking, and it is associated with pathological type and staging of lung cancer. This study demonstrated that PD-1 may involve in lymph nodes metastasis and promote the understanding of the mechanism of immunotherapies in the NSCLC.</p

Eigenvalue and relative variance contributions of various main elements.

<p>Eigenvalue and relative variance contributions of various main elements.</p

Method and ideas for designing a Regional Categorization of New-Type Urbanization in China.

<p>Method and ideas for designing a Regional Categorization of New-Type Urbanization in China.</p

Comprehensive Regionalization Plan of China’s New-Type Urbanization Development.

<p>Comprehensive Regionalization Plan of China’s New-Type Urbanization Development.</p

Comparison of Urbanization Level of Various Regions in New-Type Urbanization in China.

<p>Comparison of Urbanization Level of Various Regions in New-Type Urbanization in China.</p

Eigenvalue and relative variance contributions of various main elements.

<p>Eigenvalue and relative variance contributions of various main elements.</p

Method and ideas for designing a Regional Categorization of New-Type Urbanization in China.

<p>Method and ideas for designing a Regional Categorization of New-Type Urbanization in China.</p

Comparison of Population Density and Economy Density of Various Regions in New-Type Urbanization in China.

<p>Comparison of Population Density and Economy Density of Various Regions in New-Type Urbanization in China.</p

Comparison of Detailed List and Feature Statistic Indexes of Regionalization in China’s New-Type Urbanization.

<p>Source: Based on China Statistical Yearbook 2013.</p><p>Note: <b>UDR</b> stands for Urbanization Development Region.</p><p>Comparison of Detailed List and Feature Statistic Indexes of Regionalization in China’s New-Type Urbanization.</p

The Effect of Geographical Proximity on Scientific Cooperation among Chinese Cities from 1990 to 2010

<div><p>Background</p><p>The relations between geographical proximity and spatial distance constitute a popular topic of concern. Thus, how geographical proximity affects scientific cooperation, and whether geographically proximate scientific cooperation activities in fact exhibit geographic scale features should be investigated.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>Selected statistics from the ISI database on cooperatively authored papers, the authors of which resided in 60 typical cites in China, and which were published in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010, were used to establish matrices of geographic distance and cooperation levels between cities. By constructing a distance-cooperation model, the degree of scientific cooperation based on spatial distance was calculated. The relationship between geographical proximity and scientific cooperation, as well as changes in that relationship, was explored using the fitting function.</p><p>Result</p><p>(1) Instead of declining, the role of geographical proximity in inter-city scientific cooperation has increased gradually but significantly with the popularization of telecommunication technologies; (2) the relationship between geographical proximity and scientific cooperation has not followed a perfect declining curve, and at certain spatial scales, the distance-decay regularity does not work; (3) the Chinese scientific cooperation network gathers around different regional center cities, showing a trend towards a regional network; within this cooperation network the amount of inter-city cooperation occurring at close range increased greatly.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The relationship between inter-city geographical distance and scientific cooperation has been enhanced and strengthened over time.</p></div