Characteristics of the study sample and its difference between men and women. ^a.

a<p>P values for difference between men and women.</p>b<p>Unless otherwise indicated, data presented are mean (standard division).</p>c<p>US$1 = HK$7.8.</p>d<p>Summed by self-reported heart disease, stroke, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, gastrointestinal diseases, and cancer.</p>e<p>Total scores for each domain range from 0 to 100.</p>f<p>Measured by Family APGAR; higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with family support.</p>g<p>Perceived neighborhood social cohesion; scores range from 1 to 5, higher scores indicate greater social cohesion.</p

Mean (95% confidence interval, CI) and its difference of mental health related quality of life stratified by sex, satisfaction with family support (FS) and depressive symptoms.^a

*<p>P value for the difference in mental HRQoL between the reference group after adjusting for age, education level, drinking status, physical activity level, body mass index, number of chronic diseases, life stress, and neighborhood cohesion.</p>a<p>Measured by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), ≥10 indicated moderate and above levels of depressive symptoms severity. High FS, family APGAR score 7–10; low FS, family APGAR score 0–6.</p

The multilevel regression model of health related quality of life ^a with demographic variables, depressive symptoms and family satisfaction in the Chinese population aged 20 and above (N = 16,039).

*<p>p<0.05;</p>**<p>p<0.01;</p>***<p>p<0.001.</p>a<p>Physical and Mental health related quality of life were measured by SF-12 version 2.</p>b<p>Intra-class correlation within family was 0.22 for Physical and 0.32 for Mental HRQoL.</p

Physical health related quality of life (Physical HRQoL, bars) and their 95% confidence intervals in participants with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9≥10, 111 men and 228 women) and without depressive symptoms (PHQ-9<10, 7,196 men and 8,492 women) by sex.

<p>*Adjusting for age, education level, drinking status, physical activity level, body mass index, number of chronic diseases, life stress, neighborhood cohesion, household monthly income and the number of person in a household.</p

Representativeness of sample at household level (Number, %).

<p>Cohen’s <i>w</i> effect size: small 0.1, medium 0.3, large 0.5.</p

Mental health related quality of life (Mental HRQoL, bars) and their 95% confidence intervals in participants with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9≥10, 111 men and 228 women) and without depressive symptoms (PHQ-9<10, 7,196 men and 8,492 women) by sex.

<p>*Adjusting for age, education level, drinking status, physical activity level, body mass index, number of chronic diseases, life stress, and neighborhood cohesion.</p

Flow chart of the type 2 diabetic patients in the study.

<p>Flow chart of the type 2 diabetic patients in the study.</p

Intermediate and final models with RRs (95% CIs) for insulin use (reference group: non-insulin use) for mortality.

*<p>Oral glucose-lowering agents, including metformin, sulfonylureas, and acarbose.</p

Intermediate and final models with RRs (95% CIs) for insulin use (reference group: non-insulin use) for cancer events.

*<p>Oral glucose-lowering agents, including metformin, sulfonylureas, and acarbose.</p

Crude incidence rate of cancer and mortality among insulin users <i>vs</i>. non-insulin users.

<p>Crude incidence rate of cancer and mortality among insulin users <i>vs</i>. non-insulin users.</p