Dual-Slope Percentage Bias Differential Relay (87) Protection Strategy for 11kV Underground Power Cable

The study focuses on the protection strategy for an underground power cable (transmission) for a medium voltage distribution network using dual slope percentage bias differential relay (ANSI 87). The underground cable is the bridge that connects the power supply from generator to distribution substations, it must be well protected from internal fault that may cause insulation breakdown and leads to electrical failure; while remain unaffected for external fault conditions. The fault simulation is done with PSCAD software, and the suitable protection settings for the applied differential relay is proposed. The study found that the relay is stable for external faults while allowing sensitive settings to pick up internal fault if the setting was carefully chosen

Design and Modelling a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic at Low Voltage Network Using PSCAD Software

The objective of this paper is to design and model a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system at low-voltage network. The system consists of PV as the main source of energy, single-phase inverter, Proportional Integral (PI) controller, low-pass filter, load, and lowvoltage distribution network. The model was developed using PSCAD-EMTDC software. The design was tested in terms of active power (P) and reactive power (Q) produced the to support the load demand. The results  showed that the PV model was able to meet the load demand by properly tuningthe PI controller. Simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller and confirmed that the system are robust with acceptable performance

Design and Modelling of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic for Low Voltage Network using PSCAD Software

This paper presents the design and modeling of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (PV) generator module in PSCAD/EMTDC. The model is useful for  simulation studies of grid interface applications. The validity of the PV model developed has been verified using a set of case studies. The output power from the PV module can be controlled through the PI controller. All the simulation study has been done in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software. The simulation results show that the simulation models are robust with acceptable performance in terms of power sharing between the load and the grid

Development of Hydrophone Sensor System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Application

This project is about developing a hydrophone sensor system for the purpose of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) application. AUV is an underwater vehicle which travels underwater. Hydrophone is an underwater microphone which with the help of pressure impulses of acoustic waves converts them into electrical signals which in further are used for communication. It was designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Hydrophone needs an audio recorder to analyze the spectrographic analysis, without necessary to carry the computer into hostile marine environment. Spectrogram is used to simulate the sound signal of underwater sounds. Spectrogram is a plot of the frequency component such an audio signal as function of time. In this spectrogram program, digital audio recording are analyzed to produce a plot of frequency versus time, with harmonic intensity represented by a variable color scale. Then, the hydrophone system is tested by recording the underwater sound signals at the location to make sure that the system in good condition

Development of Sonar Sensor System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Application

This project is about the development of the sonar sensor system in purpose for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) application. The concept of this project is using the ultrasonic sensor as a main device to transmit and receive the signal from the obstacle. The ultrasonic sensor will be combined to the ultrasonic circuit. Usually, the ultrasonic sensor is often used in robots for obstacle avoidance, map building and especially in navigation. Ultrasonic range sensor is works by emitting a short burst of 40 kHz sound. In addition, a small amount of sound energy is reflected by objects in front the device and returned to the detector or the receiver. The receiver sends this reflected signal known as echoes to the microcontroller to determine how far away the objects. However, to know how far away the objects it is using the speed of sound and time it took for the signal to be reflected. Unfortunately, echoes are not completely a product of distance. Different the medium will give the different speed and different result. It uses a Proowave Ultrasonic TXR and MikroC software as a compiler

Investigating the Impact of Photovoltaic Connection to the Malaysian Distribution System

This paper investigates the grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) effects to the Malaysian distribution systems. Increased in distributed generation installations into electricity distribution network co uld have a better impact on the planning and operation of a power system. The scenario discussed in this paper is the solar irradiance level effects on grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system which located in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The research consists of analysis in current and total harmonic distortion performance due to sun irradiance which may give an impact on photovoltaic systems to generate output power. PV generation depends directly to the sun’s radiation. Hence, the intermittent fluctuations may potentially cause problems to the network operation, especially in high penetration levels. In addition, a larger number of distributed GCPV is added into the grid, the effect or impact may become more significant. There are several previous researched regarding the impacts of PV that have been done in North America, China and Japan. However, the country like Malaysia generally follows the European standard distribution system layout. Besides, Malaysia located near the equator and ideally receives sunshine continuously throughout the year. The different suggest that each system handles unbalanced networks differently and thus require a personalized analysis. The results of data irradiance (W/m 2 ) and harmonic distortion (THD%) of this study fi nally were analyzed and compared in graphical results. At the end of this study, a few suggestions were provided to overcome this problem

Performance Evaluation of Overcurrent Protection Relay Based on Relay Operation Time (ROT)

Protection system plays an important role in detecting the presence of disorders and may prevent damage that can caused interference. Thus, the reliability of the system to maintain continuity of supply to the load will be improved. Overcurrent protection is among the most important and earliest protection scheme in power system. However, the interruptions in power system can happen by fault current. Besides, the improper setting or wrong selection and positioning of power protection devices are among the reason. Therefore, to maintain and improve the performance of the protection system, this project presents a model of overcurrent protection scheme in power system network to investigate the effect of overcurrent relay performance on relay operation time (ROT) centered on several cases. The model of overcurrent protection system is developed and analyzed by using PSCAD simulation software based on several requirement or conditions such as various type and location of faults and relays. Besides that, analysis under the implementation of different curve characteristic and various standards are also performed. Furthermore, the impacts of distributed generator installation on the power system protection when faults are occurring are also studied. The results have shown that the ROT of relays was varies and changed with all variables in the performed test

Comparison of Fuzzy Control Rules using MATLAB Toolbox and Simulink for DC Induction Motor-Speed Control

This paper presents a fuzzy logic control for a speed control of DC induction motor. The simulation developed by using Fuzzy MATLAB Toolbox and SIMULINK. The fuzzy logic controller is also introduced to the system for keeping the motor speed to be constant when the load varies. Because of the low maintenance and robustness induction motors have many applications in the industries. The speed control of induction motor is more important to achieve maximum torque and efficiency. The result of the 3x3 matrix fuzzy control rules and 5x5 matrix fuzzy control rules of the theta and speed will do comparison in this paper. Observation the effects of the fuzzy control rules on the performance of the DC- induction motor-speed control

Development of Mini Generator based on Wind Turbine Principle

Shortage of resources to generate electricity is one of the big issue nowadays. Recently, in Malaysia, electricity is generated from fossil fuels and water flow pressure. However, fossil fuels are facing extinction problem due to the limited production of these sources while flow pressure water also has limitation to supply electricity energy to the residents. Besides, the usage of fossil as energy resources affect the environment. Thus, this research proposed a mini wind turbine as an alternative source to generate electricity for consumer daily usage. The designed generator is developed with different number of blades and the operation is implemented by using arduino. The analysis of the effectiveness of the designed system is measured through different evaluation of produced voltage based on different number of fan blades and wind speed. The result shows that for ideal and simple wind turbine structure, the increment of rotational speed produced higher voltage and current. Thus, the system can be used an alternative source of electricity generator for small-scale individual user