Barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children: a systematic review protocol

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children.Introduction: Several studies have been conducted to determine the barriers and facilitators to physical activity among ethnic Chinese children. However, no qualitative systematic review on this topic has been published in English.Inclusion criteria: This review will consider studies conducted among ethnic Chinese children (between six and 17 years of age) residing in either Chinese or non-Chinese territories or among people who have responsibility for the children (such as their ethnic Chinese/non-Chinese parents, guardians or teachers). Any study setting will beincluded, such as home, community and school. Studies that present qualitative data on the views and experiences of the barriers and facilitators to physical activity will be considered.Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP will be searched to identify published studies. EThOS, OpenGrey, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, CNKI and Wanfang will be searched to identify unpublished studies. Databases will be searched from their inception dates, and no language restrictions will be applied. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review guidelines will be followed to conduct the review. The JBI process of metaaggregation will be used to identify categories and synthesize findings. The ConQual approach will be used to assess confidence in the findings

(2,2′-Bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxyl­ato-κ3 N,N′,O 6)(6′-carb­oxy-2,2′-bipyridine-6-carboxyl­ato-κ3 N,N′,O 6)rhodium(III)

The RhIII ion in the title compound, [Rh(C12H6N2O4)(C12H7N2O4)], is coordinated by four N atoms and two O atoms from two chelating ligands L and HL (H2L = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarb­oxy­lic acid) to form a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Face-to-face π-stacking inter­actions are observed between inversion-related pyridine rings, with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.581 (1) Å [the perpendicular distance between the rings is 3.3980 (7) Å]. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent mol­ecules into one-dimensional supra­molecular chains along the c axis, while several inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are also observed

(2,2′-Bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxyl­ato-κ3 N,N′,O 6)(6′-carb­oxy-2,2′-bipyridine-6-carboxyl­ato-κ3 N,N′,O 6)cobalt(III)

The CoIII atom in the title compound, [Co(C12H6N2O4)(C12H7N2O4)], is six-coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral geometry by four N atoms and two O atoms of the chelating 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxyl­ate and 6′-carb­oxy-2,2′-bipyridine-6-carboxyl­ate ligands. Intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and face-to-face π-stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6352 (16) Å] between inversion-related pyridine rings link adjacent mononuclear units into a two-dimensional supra­molecular structure, and several inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are also observed

Achievable Rate Region and Path-Based Beamforming for Multi-User Single-Carrier Delay Alignment Modulation

Delay alignment modulation (DAM) is a novel wideband transmission technique for mmWave massive MIMO systems, which exploits the high spatial resolution and multi-path sparsity to mitigate ISI, without relying on channel equalization or multi-carrier transmission. In particular, DAM leverages the delay pre-compensation and path-based beamforming to effectively align the multi-path components, thus achieving the constructive multi-path combination for eliminating the ISI while preserving the multi-path power gain. Different from the existing works only considering single-user DAM, this paper investigates the DAM technique for multi-user mmWave massive MIMO communication. First, we consider the asymptotic regime when the number of antennas Mt at BS is sufficiently large. It is shown that by employing the simple delay pre-compensation and per-path-based MRT beamforming, the single-carrier DAM is able to perfectly eliminate both ISI and IUI. Next, we consider the general scenario with Mt being finite. In this scenario, we characterize the achievable rate region of the multi-user DAM system by finding its Pareto boundary. Specifically, we formulate a rate-profile-constrained sum rate maximization problem by optimizing the per-path-based beamforming. Furthermore, we present three low-complexity per-path-based beamforming strategies based on the MRT, zero-forcing, and regularized zero-forcing principles, respectively, based on which the achievable sum rates are studied. Finally, we provide simulation results to demonstrate the performance of our proposed strategies as compared to two benchmark schemes based on the strongest-path-based beamforming and the prevalent OFDM, respectively. It is shown that DAM achieves higher spectral efficiency and/or lower peak-to-average-ratio, for systems with high spatial resolution and multi-path diversity.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Development of a school-based intervention to increase physical activity levels among Chinese children: a systematic iterative process based on Behaviour Change Wheel and Theoretical Domains Framework

Regular physical activity has a range of benefits for children’s health, academic achievement, and behavioral development, yet they face barriers to participation. The aim of the study was to systematically develop an intervention for improving Chinese children’s physical activity participation, using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The BCW and TDF were used to (i) understand the behavior (through literature review), (ii) identify intervention options (through the TDF-intervention function mapping table), (iii) select content and implementation options (through BCT taxonomy and literature review), and (iv) finalize the intervention content (through expert consultation, patient and public involvement and engagement, and piloting). A systematic iterative process was followed to design the intervention by following the steps recommended by the BCW. This systematic process identified ten relevant TDF domains to encourage engagement in physical activity among Chinese children: knowledge, memory, attention and decision processes, social influences, environmental context and resources, beliefs about capabilities, beliefs about consequences, social/professional role and identity, emotions, and physical skills. It resulted in the selection of seven intervention functions (education, persuasion, environmental restricting, modeling, enablement, training, and incentivization) and 21 BCTs in the program, delivered over a period of 16 weeks. The BCW and TDF allowed an in-depth consideration of the physical activity behavior among Chinese children and provided a systematic framework for developing the intervention. A feasibility study is now being undertaken to determine its acceptability and utility

School-based behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity levels among children: a feasibility cluster non-randomised controlled trial in Yangzhou, China

Objectives: Children in China have low levels of physical activity. We developed a school-based behaviour change intervention to increase their physical activity levels. The study aimed to determine the feasibility of undertaking a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) in the future. This future cluster RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Design: Feasibility cluster non-RCT design. Setting: Two public schools (one intervention and one control) in Yangzhou, China.Participants: Children aged 10-12 years and their parents. Intervention: The 16-week school-based behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity levels consisted of three components a) health education (physical education), b) family involvement, and c) school environment support.Outcomes measures: We estimated important parameters that are needed to design the future cluster RCT, such as standard deviation (SD) of the primary outcome (i.e., seven-day steps in children), intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC), recruitment of child-parent dyads, follow-up of children, completion of and time needed for data collection among children, and intervention attendance.Results: Sixty-four children and their parents participated in the study (32 per study group). The SD of the primary outcome was 34519 steps. The ICC was 0.03. The recruitment and follow-up rates were 100%. The completion of data collection was 100% (except for the seven-day steps at baseline - one child lost the step log in the intervention group and two children lost their pedometer in the control group). The time needed to complete the self-reported questionnaire by children was around 15 minutes per study group, and the measurement of their anthropometric parameters took around 40 minutes per study group. The intervention attendance was 100%.Conclusions: Based on the promising recruitment, follow-up, completion of and time needed for data collection, and intervention attendance, it would be feasible to undertake the future cluster RCT in China

Increased IL-10 mRNA expression in tumor-associated macrophage correlated with late stage of lung cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Monocyte recruited into the tumor and maturation to tumor-associated macrophage (TAM). <it>Interleukin-10(IL-10) </it>is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine, which can be secreted from both primary tumor and stromal cells. However, there are controversies regarding its role in the progression of cancer. So it is important to isolate TAM from tumor cells to study the role of <it>IL-10 </it>in the progress of cancer. The aim of our study was to determine whether <it>IL-10 </it>expressed by TAM correlated with clinicopathological factors in NSCLC.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>TAM in NSCLC was isolated by short-term culture in serum free medium with the modification to literature reports. The mRNA expression levels of <it>IL-10</it>, <it>cathepsin B</it>, <it>cathepsin S</it>, which were closely related with TAM according to the literatures, were evaluated by Quantitative real-time RT-PCR in 63 NSCLC. The relationships between their expression levels and clinicopathological features were investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We successfully achieved up to 95% purity of TAM, derived from 63 primary lung cancer tissues. TAM expressed high levels of <it>IL-10</it>, <it>cathepsin B </it>in NSCLC. High levels of <it>IL-10 </it>in TAM significantly correlated with stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion or histologic poor differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results revealed that TAM with high levels of <it>IL-10 </it>expression may play an important role in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer. The data also suggested that TAMs may involve in tumor immunosuppression through overexpressed <it>IL-10</it>. Additionally, the phenotype of isolated TAM can be potentially used to predict clinicopathological features as well.</p