Skin-Tone and Academic Achievement Among 5-year-old Mexican Children

Skin-tone based social stratification has been characterized as an enduring part of the U.S. racial landscape (Hunter, 2002). Despite the plethora of research that examines the racial disparities in education (e.g., Reardon & Portilla, 2015), and an emerging literature finding that lighter skin-tones are associated with higher educational attainment among adults (Hunter, 2002) few studies have examined whether similar processes emerge during early childhood. Thus, grounded in Garcia Coll and colleagues’ (1996) integrative model, we tested whether skin-tone predicted children’s academic achievement, and whether these relations were modified by children’s ethnic-racial identification (i.e., positive ethnic-racial attitudes and centrality). Consistent with expectations, darker skin-tones were associated with lower math scores. Positive attitudes did not significantly moderate the relation between skin-tone and academic achievement. However, contrary to our hypothesis, high levels of ethnic racial centrality strengthened the association between skin-tone and academic achievement. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the literature by providing evidence for the early development of within race skin-tone based disparities in academic achievement and underscoring the need for further exploration of ethnic racial identification as protective or risk factors in the positive development of minority children

The Binding Effect of Contract and Remedies for Non-Performance in Particular to Sale Contract

If there is some thing worth to give attention to asses whether the provisions of contract formed has binding effect up on parties as if they were law or not, it is to look in to remedies available for the aggrieved party in case of non-performance and evaluate their adequacy. If there is something worth to give attention to assess whether the provisions of contract lawfully formed has binding effect up on parties as if they user law or not, it is to look in to remedies available for the aggrieved party in case of non-performance and evaluate their adequacy. This will be done by looking in to the contractual remedies available under Ethiopian contractual law, the preconditions that the aggrieved party is required to met so as to demand those remedies in light of remedies available in other countries and the compensation goal of contract remediesJimma Universit

Effects of a community-based data for decision-making intervention on maternal and newborn health care practices in Ethiopia: a dose-response study

Abstract Background Community participation and community health volunteer programs are an essential part of the health system so that health services are responsive and accountable to community needs. Information systems are necessary for community health volunteer programs to be effective, yet effectiveness evaluations of such information systems implemented at scale are rare. In October 2010, a network of female volunteers with little or no literacy, the Women’s Development Army (WDA), was added to extend Ethiopia’s Health Extension Program services to every household in the community. Between July 2013 and January 2015, a health management information system for the WDA’s Community-Based Data for Decision-Making (CBDDM) strategy was implemented in 115 rural districts to improve the demand for and utilization of maternal and newborn health services. Using the CBDDM strategy, Health Extension Workers (HEWs) fostered the WDA and community leaders to inform, lead, own, plan, and monitor the maternal and newborn health interventions in their kebeles (communities). This paper examines the effectiveness of the CBDDM strategy. Methods Using data from cross-sectional surveys in 2010–11 and 2014–15 from 177 kebeles, we estimated self-reported maternal and newborn care practices from women with children aged 0 to 11 months (2124 at baseline and 2113 at follow-up), and a CBDDM implementation strength score in each kebele. Using kebele-level random-effects models, we assessed dose-response relationships between changes over time in implementation strength score and changes in maternal and newborn care practices between the two surveys. Results Kebeles with relatively high increases in CBDDM implementation strength score had larger improvements in the coverage of neonatal tetanus-protected childbirths, institutional deliveries, clean cord care for newborns, thermal care for newborns, and immediate initiation of breastfeeding. However, there was no evidence of any effect of the intervention on postnatal care within 2 days of childbirth. Conclusions This study shows the extent to which an information system for community health volunteers with low literacy was implemented at scale, and evidence of effectiveness at scale in improving maternal and newborn health care behaviors and practices

Navigating diagnostic challenges: imaging strategies for herpes simplex encephalitis in resource limited settings: A case report

Encephalitis refers to the inflammatory condition affecting the brain parenchyma, leading to various neurological impairments. It can have various causes: infectious, postinfectious, and noninfectious origins. In this case, we present a 76-year-old man who presented to the emergency room with complaints of headache and behavioral changes. Initially, a Computed Tomography (CT) scan raised suspicion of herpes simplex encephalitis and prompted the initiation of treatment. Subsequently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture confirmed the diagnosis. However, despite medical intervention, the patient's condition unexpectedly deteriorated, and he unfortunately passed away after spending 2 weeks in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Possible factors contributing to this outcome include delayed presentation to medical care, viral resistance, or the inherent nature of the infection itself, particularly in elderly patients

Assessment of Status of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practice, Policy and Programs: Achievements and Gaps, in Ethiopia

Objectives: · To find achievements and gaps in the existing policy, program and practices in reference to Infant and Young Child Feeding in Ethiopia. · To build a consensus among all partners on the way forward to improve the existing IYCF practice. Methods: National publications, guidelines and reports were collected and assessed based on the 15 indicators modified by International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) to identify the current situations in the country in reference to the infant and young child feeding policy, program and practices. Participants from government and non-government reviewed and compiled the report. There was an elaborate discussion on each indicator before consensus was reached. The document was also validated by participants from different organizations on February 13, 2013. Results: In this assessment gaps were identified and recommendations were also forwarded. The main gaps include the absence of National Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes and Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, Idequate maternity leave conditions , lack of knowledge and experience by mothers about optimal complementary feeding practiceand the risk of bottle feeding. Conclusions: Key recommendations are the need of Implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and the International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes and capacitating of ealth workers in giving IYCF support skills for mothers. There is the needto review labour regulations s. This calls for the attention of policy makers and partners to promote optimal breastfeeding for the well being of infants and children in the country