Productivity indices based on age 18 year measurement, and mean acoustic velocity in standing trees assessed at age 15 years, and resonance velocity assessed in felled trees by log height class at age 15 years, for each biosolids treatment.

<p>Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (least significant difference test, p = 0.05).</p

Effect of biosolids application on growth.

<p>Measurement of tree (A) diameter at breast height (DBH), and (B) stem volume since the initial biosolids application at age 6 years. The bars represent the least significant difference (LSD) values calculated for each age. Treatment differences greater than the LSD are statistically significant (p  =  0.05). The arrows show when biosolids treatments were applied.</p

Effect of biosolids application on site productivity.

<p>Increase in 300 Index of trees treated with standard and high rates of biosolids versus untreated trees. The bars represent the least significant difference (LSD) values calculated for each age. Differences between the standard and high treatments, and between either of these and the control (zero line), which are greater than the LSD, are statistically significant (p  =  0.05). The arrows show when biosolids treatments were applied.</p

Mean volumes in broad log grade groupings for each biosolids treatment.

<p>Mean volumes in broad log grade groupings for each biosolids treatment.</p

Predicted mean acoustic velocity and percentage of logs in acoustic velocity classes for each treatment.

<p>Predicted mean acoustic velocity and percentage of logs in acoustic velocity classes for each treatment.</p

Predicted mean value ($ m^-3) of pruned, unpruned, and all logs, and net mean value of all logs after accounting for harvesting costs in each biosolids treatment.

<p>Predicted mean value ($ m^-3) of pruned, unpruned, and all logs, and net mean value of all logs after accounting for harvesting costs in each biosolids treatment.</p

Predicted stumpage value ($ ha^-1) by log grade and across all grades for each biosolids treatment.

<p>Predicted stumpage value ($ ha^-1) by log grade and across all grades for each biosolids treatment.</p

Predicted economic returns over a rotation for each treatment.

a<p>NPV: net present value.</p>b<p>IRR: internal rate of return.</p

Comparison of Shearing Force and Hydrostatic Pressure on Molecular Structures of Triphenylamine by Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopies

Luminescent mechanochromism (e.g., shearing force and hydrostatic pressure) has been intensively studied in recent years. However, there are few reported studies on the difference of the molecular configuration changes induced by these stresses. In this study, we chose triphenylamine, C₁₈H₆N (TPA), as a model molecule to study different molecular configuration changes under shearing force and hydrostatic pressure. Triphenylamine is an organic optoelectric functional molecule with a propeller-shaped configuration, a large conjugate structure, and a single molecular fluorescence material. Fluorescence and Raman spectra of TPA were recorded in situ under different pressures (0–1.9 GPa) produced by the mechanical grinding or using a diamond anvil cell (DAC). Our results show that the crystal phase of TPA transformed to the amorphous phase by grinding, whereas no obvious phase transition was observed under hydrostatic pressure up to 1.9 GPa, indicating the stability of TPA. Hydrostatic pressure by DAC induces molecular conformation changes, and the pressure-induced emission enhancement phenomenon of TPA is observed. By analyzing the Raman spectra at high pressure, we suggest that the molecular conformation changes under pressure are caused by the twisted dihedral angle between the benzene and the nitrogen atom, which is different from the phase transformation induced by the shearing force of grinding

Plasmon-Driven Dynamic Response of a Hierarchically Structural Silver-Decorated Nanorod Array for Sub-10 nm Nanogaps

Plasmonic nanogaps serve as a useful configuration for light concentration and local field amplification owing to the extreme localization of surface plasmons. Here, a smart plasmonic nanogap device is fabricated by the dynamic response of an Ag decorated hierarchically structural vertical polymer nanorod array under the light irradiation. Seven nanorods in one unit bend because of plasmonic heating effect and they are centrally collected due to the attraction of the plasmon-induced polaritons, leading to the significantly enhanced local electromagnetic field at the sub-10 nm gaps among the constricted nanorod tops. Compared with tuning capillarity in microscale by wetting and drying, using light as external stimuli is much easier and more tunable in nanoscale. This plasmonic nanogap device is used for a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. Its hydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 142 degree can make the probed aqueous solution only access to the Ag tips of nanorods. Thus, the analytes can be driven to the “hot spot” regions where located at the tops of nanorods during the solvent evaporation process, which is beneficial to SERS detection. Discovery of this smart plasmon-driven process broadens the scope for further functionality of both the dynamic nanostructure design and the smart plasmonic devices in the communities of chemistry, biomedicine, and microfluidic engineering