Correlation of the relative expression of key F3′H genes to <i>CsF3′5′H1</i> and the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins among 13 varieties.

<p>Blue line represents the trend of the relative expression of (<i>CsF3′H1</i>+<i>CsF3′H2</i>+<i>CsF3′H3</i>)/ <i>CsF3′5′H1</i> to the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins. ** represents highly significant at p< 0.01.</p

Catechin composition obtained by HPLC from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment (Mean±standard deviation, n = 3).

<p>Means in each column for each catechins labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) based on one-way ANOVA with Duncan′s multiple range test.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of F3′H and F3′5′H amino acid sequences.

<p>Red lines represent F3′5′H and green lines represent F3′H. Four key genes identified in this study are marked in blue color.</p

Correlation analysis of the relative expression of key F3′H genes to F3′5′H genes and ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins in Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment.

<p>Red line represents the trend of (<i>CsF3′H1</i>+<i>CsF3′H2</i>+<i>CsF3′H3</i>)/ (<i>CsF3′5′H1+CsF3′5′H2+CsF3′5′H3</i>) to the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins. Blue line represents the trend of (<i>CsF3′H1</i>+<i>CsF3′H2</i>+<i>CsF3′H3</i>)/ <i>CsF3′5′H1</i> to the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins. ** represents highly significant at p< 0.01.</p

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Flavonoid 3′-Hydroxylase and Flavonoid 3′,5′-Hydroxylase Genes in Affecting the Ratio of Dihydroxylated to Trihydroxylated Catechins in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>

<div><p>The ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins (RDTC) is an important indicator of tea quality and biochemical marker for the study of genetic diversity. It is reported to be under genetic control but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) are key enzymes involved in the formation of dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins. The transcriptome and HPLC analysis of tea samples from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment were performed to assess the F3′H and F3′5′H genes that might affect RDTC. A total of 74.7 million reads of mRNA seq (2×101bp) data were generated. After <i>de novo</i> assembly, 109,909 unigenes were obtained, and 39,982 of them were annotated using 7 public databases. Four key F3′H and F3′5′H genes (including <i>CsF3′5′H1</i>, <i>CsF3′H1</i>, <i>CsF3′H2</i> and <i>CsF3′H3</i>) were identified to be closely correlated with RDTC. Shading treatment had little effect on RDTC, which was attributed to the stable expression of these key F3′H and F3′5′H genes. The correlation of the coexpression of four key genes and RDTC was further confirmed among 13 tea varieties by real time PCR and HPLC analysis. The coexpression of three F3′H genes and a F3′5′H gene may play a key role in affecting RDTC in <i>Camellia sinensis</i>. The current results may establish valuable foundation for further research about the mechanism controlling catechin composition in tea.</p></div

Length distribution of assembled unigenes.

<p>Length distribution of assembled unigenes.</p

Summary for the BLASTx results of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> transcriptome against seven databases.

<p>Summary for the BLASTx results of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> transcriptome against seven databases.</p

Summary for RNA-Seq datasets of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.

<p>Summary for RNA-Seq datasets of <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.</p

Additional file 1 of Dietary intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are altered in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: the relative contribution of autism-linked traits

Supplementary Material

Future methane emissions from the heavy-duty natural gas transportation sector for stasis, high, medium, and low scenarios in 2035

<p>Today’s heavy-duty natural gas–fueled fleet is estimated to represent less than 2% of the total fleet. However, over the next couple of decades, predictions are that the percentage could grow to represent as much as 50%. Although fueling switching to natural gas could provide a climate benefit relative to diesel fuel, the potential for emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from natural gas–fueled vehicles has been identified as a concern. Since today’s heavy-duty natural gas–fueled fleet penetration is low, today’s total fleet-wide emissions will be also be low regardless of per vehicle emissions. However, predicted growth could result in a significant quantity of methane emissions. To evaluate this potential and identify effective options for minimizing emissions, future growth scenarios of heavy-duty natural gas–fueled vehicles, and compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas fueling stations that serve them, have been developed for 2035, when the populations could be significant. The scenarios rely on the most recent measurement campaign of the latest manufactured technology, equipment, and vehicles reported in a companion paper as well as projections of technology and practice advances. These “pump-to-wheels”(PTW) projections do not include methane emissions outside of the bounds of the vehicles and fuel stations themselves and should not be confused with a complete wells-to-wheels analysis. Stasis, high, medium, and low scenario PTW emissions projections for 2035 were 1.32%, 0.67%, 0.33%, and 0.15% of the fuel used. The scenarios highlight that a large emissions reductions could be realized with closed crankcase operation, improved best practices, and implementation of vent mitigation technologies. Recognition of the potential pathways for emissions reductions could further enhance the heavy-duty transportation sectors ability to reduce carbon emissions.</p> <p><i>Implications</i>: Newly collected pump-to-wheels methane emissions data for current natural gas technologies were combined with future market growth scenarios, estimated technology advancements, and best practices to examine the climate benefit of future fuel switching. The analysis indicates the necessary targets of efficiency, methane emissions, market penetration, and best practices necessary to enable a pathway for natural gas to reduce the carbon intensity of the heavy-duty transportation sector.</p